social class and education Flashcards
1
Q
what is pupil subculture?
A
group of pupils who share similar values and behaviour patterns
2
Q
why does pupil subculture emerge?
A
dude to labelling
3
Q
how do subcultures emerge? collin lacey 1970
A
differentiation and polarisation
4
Q
what is streaming a form of?
A
differentiation
5
Q
what is differentiation?
A
teachers categorising pupils on perceived ability, attitude and behaviour
6
Q
what is polarisation?
A
pupils respond to streaming by moving towards 2 poles of extremes
7
Q
what study did colin lacey do in 1970?
A
he studied hightown boys grammar school
8
Q
what did colin lacey find in his hightown study?
A
boys polarises between pro-school and anti- school subcultures
9
Q
what year did colin lacey do his hightown boys grammar school study?
A
1970
10
Q
what is a pro-school subculture?
A
pupils who are placed in high streams and respect school values
11
Q
how do pro-school students gain their status?
A
in an approved manner
12
Q
what do pro-school subculture values represent?
A
those of the schools
13
Q
what is an anti- school subculture?
A
pupils who are placed in low streams suffer low self esteem as the school undermines their self worth
14
Q
what status does an anti-school subculture have?
A
an inferior status
15
Q
what does anti-school subcultures push the students to do?
A
find other ways of gaining status
16
Q
what’s examples of anti-school subcultures students finding other ways of gaining status?
A
smoking, true ting, not doing homework
17
Q
what is the problem of joining anti-school subcultures?
A
likely to create a self fulfilling prophecy
18
Q
what did hargreeves study look at?
A
the problem of joining anti-school subcultures
19
Q
what year was hargreeves study?
A
1967
20
Q
what did hargreeves find?
A
education system saw boys in lower streams as triple failures
21
Q
what is a worthless lout?
A
aggressive man
22
Q
in hargreeves study, why were boys placed in lower streams?
A
if they failed the 11+ exam
23
Q
what where the boys placed in lower streams labelled in hargreeves study?
A
worthless louts
24
Q
what did ball find out about abolishing streaming?
A
means pupils are less likely to feel the need to join subcultures
25
what does abolishing subcultures do about the influence of anti-school subcultures?
anti-school subcultures are then declined
26
does labelling still happen if streaming is abolished?
yes
27
does labelling effect students grades
yes, it positively or negatively effects students grades
28
what does abolishing streaming show about class inequalities?
class inequalities can still happen with or without the effect of labelling or sub-cultures
29
what did peter woods look at?
pupil responses to labelling
30
what is ingratiation?
being a teachers pet
31
what is ritualism?
going through the motions and staying out of trouble
32
what is retreatism?
daydreaming and messing around
33
what is rebelling?
outright rejection of everything they stand for
34
what are the 4 other responses to streaming?
ingratiation, ritualism, retreatism and rebelling
35
what did furlong observe in 1984?
pupils move between different responses to labelling
36
what did furlong 1984 find about how students act in class?
students act differently depending on the teacher or lesson
37
when did furlong make his observation?
1984
38
who criticises the labelling theory?
marxists
39
what do marxists criticise about the labelling theory?
ignoring wider power structures within which labelling occurs
40
who does labelling theory blame?
the teachers
41
does labelling explain why teachers label their students?
no
42
what is meant by habitus?
dispositions or learned taken for granted ways of thinking, being and acting
43
who shares habitus?
social classes
44
what does habitus include?
lifestyle, consumption, outlook on life, expectation of normality
45
what is habitus linked to?
bourdieu’s concept of cultural capital
46
what is cultural capital?
knowledge, values, attitudes, language, taste and attributes of middle class
47
what class habitus is seen as superior?
middle class
48
what class habitus is seen as inferior?
working class
49
what does the fact that some poorer families children do succeed say about material deprivation
material deprivation is only part of the explanation
50
what may play a part in creating/ sustaining a child’s motivation?
cultural, religious or political values
51
what did bourdieu 1984 look at?
cultural capital
52
do some of the children from poorer families succeed?
yes
53
who tends to have more of all 3 types of cultural capital?
the middle class
54
why are the middle class advantaged in cultural capital?
they have more of all 3 types so understand what the education system requires for success
55
what m/c abilities are valued and rewarded in the education system?
intellectual interests and intellectual abilities
56
what does cultural deprivation mean for the working class?
they are prevented from achieving in education
57
do woking class families socialise their children adequately
no they fail to do this
58
what do w/c lack in cultural deprivation
the cultural equipment to do well
59
what does Feinstein 2008 believe?
educated parents use language that challenges their children to evaluate their abilities
60
what does feinstein 2008 look into?
language
61
what are educated parents more likely to use towards their children regarding school work?
praise
62
what do the working class communicate with?
single words and hand jesters
63
do working class children develop advanced language skills?
no
64
what did Marilyn Howard 2001 look at?
diet and health in children in eduction
65
what did Marilyn Howard believe children from lower income families had?
lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals
66
what does poor nutrients effect?
health
67
what does poor levels of vitamins lead to in children?
lower energy levels
68
what can lower energy in children lead to?
more illnesses
69
what does more illness bad?
it means more absences from school.
70
what does poor sleep do to children in school?
causes difficulty to concentrate in class
71
what does parenting style of educated parents include?
discipline and high expectation of their children regarding
72
what does parenting style of educated parents mean for their children?
achievements are supported by encouraging learning
73
what does parenting style of less educated parents include?
harshness and inconsistency
74
what does parenting style of less educated parents mean for their children?
prevents the child learning independence and self control
75
what does parenting style of less educated parents mean for their children in school?
poorer motivation and problems interacting with teachers
76
what are educated parents more aware of?
what’s needed to assist in the child’s education process
77
what are educated parents more likely to do to help their children?
reading, teaching basics, help homework, active in schooling
78
what kind of relationship do children of educated parents have with their teachers?
good relationships
79
what type of parent has higher income?
better educated
80
what ways do better educated parents use their income?
to promote children’s educational success
81
who looks at middle class mothers being more likely to buy educational toys for their children?
Bernstein and Young
82
what do Bernstein and Young look at in 1967?
that middle class mothers are more likely to buy their children educational toys
83
example of educational toys?
books and activities that stimulate intellectual growth
84
do working class homes tend to have educational toys?
not usually
85
what do children of less educated families start school without?
the intellectual skills needed to progress
86
what did Bernstein 1975 identify two of?
speech codes
87
who has a restricted speech code?
working class
88
who has a elaborate speech code?
middle class
89
what is restricted speech code?
limited vocab, short, unfinished/ grammatically incorrect sentences
90
what is elaborated speech code?
longer, grammatically correct/ complex sentences
91
what gender is the ideal pupil?
female
92
what ethnicity is the ideal pupil?
white
93
what class is the ideal pupil?
middle class
94
is the ideal pupil hard working?
yes
95
what is streaming?
sorting students into groups dependent on ability
96
once streamed, can you move streams
typically no, its difficult
97
what do children in the lower streams believe the teachers have done to them?
disregarded them
98
what does streaming create?
a self fulfilling prophecy
99
what did Douglas find in children in lower streams?
children aged 8 had suffered an IQ drop by age 11
100
what is labelling?
attaching a meaning or definition to someone/ something
101
what do teachers attach a level onto students based on?
background
102
who labels students?
teachers
103
who proposed the ideal pupil?
Becker 1971
104
what did Dunne and Gazley
working underachievement results from labelling assumptions in secondary school
105
what do teachers normalise in labelling?
the underachievement of the lower class
106
what did teachers label w/c parents as?
uninterested
107
what did teachers label m/c parents as?
supportive
108
who did the spurters test?
Rosenthal & Jacobson
109
what does the spurters test demonstrate?
self fulfilling prophecy
110
who looked at labelling in primary school?
Ray Rist in 1970
111
what did Ray Rist study in 1970?
american kindergarten- tigers and clowns
112
who looked tigers and clowns?
Ray Rist 1970
113
what is the educational triage?
pupils who will pass anyway, borderline C/D pupils and hopeless cases
114
what is a fulfilling prophecy?
a prediction that comes true
115
what do interactionalists argue labelling does?
affects pupils achievement by creating a self fulfilling prophecy
116
what is the statistics for the department of education in 2012 say about students with FSM and grades?
barely 1/3 students eligible for FSM achieve 5 or more A*C grades
117
what does Jan Flaherty look at in 2004
money problems in the family
118
are money problems a significant factor in younger children’s attendance?
yes
119
who are exclusions/truancy more likely to be from?
children in poorer families
120
what percentage of failing schools are located in deprived areas?
90%
121
what class parents tend to be more educated?
middle class
122
what does Feinstein 2008 argue about parents education?
he argues its the most important factor
123
who looks at streaming and the A*C economy?
Gilborne and Youdell 2001
124
what does the A*C economy show
shows how teachers use notions of ability to stream pupils
125
who are teachers less likely to see as having the ability to achieve?
working class and black pupils
126
who are more likely to be placed in lower streams and entered for lower CGSE’s
working class and black pupils
127
128
what are schools ranked on?
A*C grades
129
who do teachers focus on
students borderline D/C grade
130
what can young children’s development be impaired through?
lack of space for safe play and exploration
131
can poor housing affect pupils indirectly or directly?
both
132
what can poor housing create
poor health and welfare issues
133
what type of housing can cause disturbed education?
temporary housing
134
what does Howard 2001 say about diet and health?
young people from poorer homes have lower intakes of vitamins and minerals
135
what does Wilkinson 1964 look at?
amount 10 year olds, the lower the social class, the higher the rate of hyperactivity
136
what do Blanded and Manchin 2007 look at?
children from lower income more likely to engage in externalising behaviour
137
examples of externalising behaviour
fighting/ temper tantrums
138
what does the cost of university do?
deters working class students
139
what unis have higher out out rates?
unis with a higher population of poorer students
140
what did Reay find about working class students>
more likely to apply to local unis so they can stay at home.
141
what did Mortimiore and Whitty 1997 believe about achievement?
material inequality have the greatest effect on achievement
142
what do Smith and Nobel 1995 think about poverty?
it acts as a barrier to leering in other ways
143
who looks at the ‘cost of free schooling’?
Ball 1980
144
what is the ‘cost of free schooling’?
the loss of school equipment
145
who looked at the oxford study?
Tanner 2003
146
what does the oxford study show?
many families struggle to buy equipment from their children
147
what does lack of funds mean for families?
families often need to work
148
what do poorer children make do with?
hand me downs, cheaper and unfashionable alternatives
149
what did Ridge find children in poverty do?
take on jobs such as babysitting, cleaning and paper rounds
150
in the educational triage, who are the hopeless cases?
grades under a D
