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gender gap in education Flashcards

1
Q

what did feminism challenge?

A

the traditional stereotype of a woman’s role

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2
Q

what are women no longer seen as?

A

a mother or a housewife in a patriarchal family

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3
Q

who are women no longer inferior to?

A

men

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4
Q

in what ways are women no longer inferior to men?

A

home, work, eduction, and in the law

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5
Q

who studied girls magazines?

A

McRobbie

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6
Q

what did girls magazines from 1970s emphasise?

A

the importance of getting married and not being left on the shelf

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7
Q

what do magazines nowadays contain?

A

images of independent and assertive women

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8
Q

what has happened to divorce rate?

A

increased

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9
Q

what has happened to cohabitation?

A

increase

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10
Q

what do changes in the family do to girls?

A

creates independent women

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11
Q

when was the equal pay act?

A

1970

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12
Q

what are women breaking through?

A

the glass ceiling

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13
Q

who interviewed girls in 70’s and 90’s to see the shift in how girls see their future?

A

Sue Sharpe 1994

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14
Q

what type of aspirations did girls in 1970s have?

A

low aspirations

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15
Q

what was educational success in 1970s for girls seen as?

A

unfeminine

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16
Q

in 1970s what was women’s ambition seen as?

A

unattractive

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17
Q

what were girls priorities in 1990s?

A

careers and being able to support themselves

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18
Q

what are women in 1990s more likely to see their future as?

A

an independent woman with a career

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19
Q

what did o’connors find about 14-17 year olds opinion of marriage?

A

it was not a majour part of their life plan

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20
Q

what do Beck and Gernshein 2001 link teenagers opinions of marriage to?

A

individualisation in modern society

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21
Q

how is independence valued in modern society?

A

its much more strongly valued than in the past

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22
Q

what has become part of a woman’s life project?

A

a career

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23
Q

what does a career promise for women?

A

recognition and economic self-sufficiency

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24
Q

what do girls recognise they need to achieve independence and self-sufficiency?

A

a good education

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25
what was a central part of some girls identity in Carol Fullers study?
success
26
in Carolina Fullers 2011 study, what did girls see themselves as?
creators of their own future
27
what does GIST stand for?
girls in science and technology
28
what does WISE stand for?
women in science and technology
29
what do GIST and WISE encourage?
encourages girls to pursue careers in non-traditional areas
30
who sees the impact of equal opportunity policies as a key reason for the change in girls achievement?
Boaler 1998
31
when was the national curriculum introduced?
1998
32
what did the national curriculum do?
ensure boys and girls study mostly the same subjects
33
what does the increasing number of female heads mean for girls in school?
act as role models for the girls
34
who analysed classroom interactions?
Jane Peter French
35
why do boys receive more attention?
they attract more punishment
36
who were disclipined mor harshly?
white boys
37
who does Swann 1998 say dominates class discussions?
boys
38
who did Swann 1998 say were better at listening or cooperating?
girls
39
what do some sociologists argue has removed a barrier to girls achievements?
removing stereotypes from textbooks, reading schemes and other materials
40
what do reading schemes from 1970s and 80s portray women as?
housewives and mothers
41
what have marketisation policies created?
a more competitive climate
42
who do schools see as mor desirable recruits and why?
girls- better exam results
43
who says the introduction of league tables has improved opportunities for girls?
Jackson 1998
44
why are boys less attractive to schools?
they are more likely to suffer from behavioural difficulties
45
what do liberal feminists do about girls progress?
celebrate it
46
what do liberal feminists believe about girls progress?
further progress will be made by continuing the development of equal policies encouraging positive role models and overcoming sexist attitudes
47
what are internal factors?
factors inside school
48
what are external factors?
factors outside of school
49
what did Biggart 2003 find out about class gender and ambition?
working class girls moore likely to face precarious positions in the labour market and to se motherhood as the only viable source for the future
50
what view do radical feminists take on girls achievement?
a more critical view
51
what do radical feminists belive that the system remains as?
patriarchal
52
what do radical feminists still believe he world is?
a mans world
53
what do radical femists think still continues to happen to girls?
sexual harassment
54
what do radical feminists believe education still does?
limits girls subject choice
55
what is a double standard?
one set of moral standards is applied to one group but a different to another group
56
57
who identifies a double standard of sexual morality?
Sue Lees 1993
58
what does sue lees identify about sexual morality?
boys can boast about sexual exploits and get positive labels but girls get negative labels
59
what do boys use top put girls down?
verbal abuse
60
in 1986, who found boys label girls slags?
Lees 1986
61
what did Patcher find about verbal abuse?
name calling helps to shape people’s identities
62
what do Mac and Ghail look at?
the male gaze
63
what do Mac and Ghail note about how male students and teachers look at girls?
look girls up and down, seeing them as sexual objects and making judgements about their appearance
64
what is reinforced due to the male gaze?
dominant heterosexual masculinity
65
what is dominant heterosexual masculinity reinforced by?
the male gaze
66
what do boys not displaying heterosexuality ruin the risk of?
being labelled
67
what do some working class girls continue to have?
gender stereotypical aspirations for marriage and children

sociology (17 decks)

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