Social Class

Question 1

What is SCOTT’s key concept for the upper class and what does it mean?

Answer 1

‘Old boy network’ - a group made of people who have the same cultural assets. It exercises social closure

Question 2

How do the upper class gain ‘social capital’ according to SCOTT?

Answer 2

By being invited to the right events that are exclusive

Question 3

Who did KENWAY study in the upper class?

Answer 3

Privately educated school girls

Question 4

What does KENWAY explain about the school girls?

Answer 4

That social class and class position is important to them

Question 5

How did the girls in KENWAY’S study attain high self esteem?

Answer 5

By devaluing the success and achievements of state educated people.

Question 6

What is MACINTOSH and MOONEY’S key concept for the upper class?

Answer 6

‘A sense of belonging’

Question 7

What do MACINTOSH & MOONEY argue?

Answer 7

That identity in the work place gives belonging and that occupation and identity link.

Question 8

What do KING & RAYNOR focus on? What key term do they use?

Answer 8

The family - “Child Centeredness”

Question 9

What do KING & RAYNOR say that the family encourages?

Answer 9

Educational success

Question 10

What is GOODWIN’S key concept?

Answer 10

“Yummy Mummy”

Question 11

What do “Yummy Mummies” define themselves by?

Give examples

Answer 11

What they own.

Eg - handbags, pushchairs, clothing for their child.

Question 12

What is BOURDIEU’S key concept?

Answer 12

“Hidden Curriculum”

Question 13

What doe BOURDIEU suggest?

Answer 13

That the middle class have an advantage in education due to their knowledge, values and leisure activities it gives them “cultural capital”

Question 14

What are SAUNDERS’ key concepts?

Answer 14

“Conspicuous consumption”

‘Highly disposable income’

Question 15

What did SAUNDERS find in the middle class?

Answer 15

Found that the middle class satisfy their needs through the purchase of goods. They’re highly influenced by the media.

Question 16

What is WRIGHT’S key concept? What does it mean?

Answer 16

“Contradictory class position” - being both exploited and exploit the working class in the workplace.

Question 17

What kind of roles did the MIDDLE CLASS have that caused the “contradictory class position” according to WRIGHT?

Answer 17

Managerial and supervisory roles

Question 18

What is MAC AN GHAIL’S key concept for the WORKING CLASS?

Answer 18

“Crisis of Masculinity”

Question 19

Why did the “crisis of masculinity” happen according to MAC AN GHAIL?

Answer 19

De industrialisation

Question 20

What did the ‘Macho Lads’ want to do in terms of work? (MAC AN GHAIL)

Answer 20

Follow their fathers footsteps into manual work as it shaped their identity.

Question 21

What was MAC AN GHAIL’S study called and what did it involve?

Answer 21

‘Making of Men’
Ethnographic study
Inner-city industrial areas in the midlands.

Question 22

What did WILLIS study?

Answer 22

12 working class boys in secondary education
referred to as “LADS”
They had a counter-school subculture

Question 23

What did WILLIS find?

Answer 23

That the 12 boys did not value education and that they found manual work superior to mental work - they didn’t get qualifications as a result ( link to MAC AN GHAIL)

Question 24

What are MERTENS & D’HAENENS key concepts?

Answer 24

“Digital divide”

“Digital inequality”

Question 25

What did MERTENS & D’HAENENS find?

Answer 25

That lower social classes used the internet less

81% ( lower class )
94% ( middle class )

Question 26

What do BOWLES and GINTIS argue?

Answer 26

That educations function is to maintain, legitimise and reproduce class inequalities.

Question 27

What is BOWLES and GINITIS’ key concept?

Answer 27

“Obedient and passive workers”

Question 28

What do BOWLES ANS GINTIS suggest?

Answer 28

That the ruling class designed education and for children to become the “obedient passive worker”

Question 29

What does OFFE claim?

Answer 29

That less individuals share a common unifying experience.

Question 30

What kind of view point does OFFE come from?

Answer 30

Post modernist

Question 31

What are SKEGG’s key concepts?

Answer 31

“Social mobility” and “instrumental attitudes”

Question 32

What did SKEGGS find in the underclass?

Answer 32

Found that women of the under class had “instrumental attitudes” to working.

Underclass saw society as meritocratic and that mobility existed.

Question 33

What does MURRAY say about the underclass?

Answer 33

That they were “lazy”, “workshy”, “dependent on benefits”.

Their culture is based around idleness and failure - “achieved status”

Question 34

What does JORDAN say about the underclass?

Answer 34

That they have a “sense of shame”

They have an ascribed status

Believes that they have the same norms and values as everyone else.

Question 35

Who does JORDAN disagree with?

Answer 35

Murray

Question 36

What do PAKULSKI and WATERS suggest?

Answer 36

There has been a shift from production to consumption

Question 37

What is PAKULSKI and WATERS key concept?

Answer 37

“Defined by what we buy”