Social behavior Flashcards
Cultural influences on person perception
- process of forming impressions of others, many similarities
– judgement of appearance and attractiveness
– personality traits
– recognizing others - cultural differences
- role of media exposure
Facial recognition
- social bonds
- same-race bias
- result of: attitudes, contact/experience, task set-up
Same-race bias
People recognize individuals of their own race better than the individuals of another race
Ingroups
Individuals with a history of shared experiences and anticipatory future
–> produce a sense of intimacy, familiarity, and trust
Outgroups
People who lack ingroup qualities
–> perceptions of outgroups is associated with infrahumanization
Group entitativity
Perception of groups as real entities and not collections of individuals
Characteristics in individualistic cultures
- people have more ingroups
- people are not as attached to any single ingroup because there are numerous ingroups to which they can be attached
- survival of the individuals and the society is more dependent on the successful and effective functioning of individuals rather than groups
- people make relatively fewer distinctions between ingroups and outgroups
Characteristics in collectivistic cultures
- people have fewer ingroups
- people are very attached to ingroups to which they belong
- survival of the individuals and the society is more dependent on the succesful and effective functioning of the groups rather than individuals
- people make greater distinctions between ingroup and outgroup others
Origins of ingroup favoritism
- ingroup favoritism co-evolved along with the emergence of cultures: highest in countries with demanding climates and lowe income and lowest in countries with demanding climates and high income
- types: patriotism, nepotism and familism: relate to both climate and resources
- group formation can occur on initially meaningless markers
Stereotypes
Generalized images people have about others that can either be positive or negative
- genuine differenes masked by stereotyped similarities
- genuine similarities masked by stereotypes differences
Autostereotypes
Stereotypes about one’s own group
Heterostereotypes
Stereotypes about other groups
Origin of stereotypes
- products of selective attention, attribution, concept formation, and memory
- occur due to the categorization of concepts by people
- stereotypes can change depending on major events
Content of stereotypes
- people in all cultures have stereotypes of others
- cultural differences in stereotypes
- applying stereotypes uniformly without recognizing individual differences within a cultural or ethnic group can be dangerous
–> collective threat
Collective threat
Fear that an ingroup member’s behavior can reinforce negative stereotypes about one’s group
–> lower performance, self-stereotyping, etc.
Stereotypes content model
- warmth/competence
- universal
- bias/discrimination
- numerous moderators
competence
- confident, independent, competitive, intelligent
- intelligent, efficient, skillfull, capable
Warmth
- tolerent, good natured, hones, sincere, thrustworthy
- kind, friendly, warm, likable, helpful
Morality
- sincere, hones tighteous, trustworthy, respectful
Assessment of stereotypes
Participants were instructed to make the rating, using 5-point scales, on the basis of how the groups are viewed by Amrican society. they read, ‘we are not interested in your personal beliefs, but how you think they are viewed by others’
- competent, confident, independent, competitive, intelligent
- tolerant, wamr, good natured, sincere, honest, trustworthy
Stereotypes and discrimination
Discourse: social disadvantages = individual shortcomings
Stereotype expression is difficult recognize/perceive as discriminatory
Ethnocentrism
Viewing the world through one’s own cultural filters, with own group at the top
Prejudice
Tendency to prejudge others on the basis of their group membership
- includes cognitive and affective components
- explicit: verbalized and made public
- implicit: prejudicial attitudes, values, or beliefs that are unspoken and outside conscious awareness
Factors that contribute to the universality of ethnocentrism and prejudice
- Kinship sentiment and social and cultural factors
- competition betweeen groups
- authoritatian personality
Discimination
Unfair treatment of others based on their group membership
- prejudice is thinking/feeling, discrimination is doing
Institutional discimination
Occurs on the level of a larger group, society, organization, or institution
- can exist in explicit norms of an organization
Systemic inequalities
- history
- voter registration (driver’s licenses, business hours)
- school access/ school budgets
- differential treatment at the job market
Microagressions
Verbal, behavioral, or even environmental negativity that is based on one’s ethnic, racial, or other demographic identification
Hypersensitivity hypothesis
More alert to microagressions
Result: ethnic minorities reported experiencing more microagressions than ethnic majorities did
–> ethnic majorities responded to microagressions in ways that were indistinguisable from the responses of ethnic minorities
Systemic inequalities regarding research on race
- publications are rare
- most publications edited by White editors
- many publications written by White authors
Shooter bias
Meta-analysis on 42 studies
- participants shot more quickly at armed black targets than armed white targets
- slower to not shoor unarmed black targets (than unarmed white targets)
- had a more liberal shooting treshold for black targets than white targets
The flipside of reducing prejudice
The racial and ethnic isolation of whites at the zip-code level is one of the strongest predictors of Trump support
Inter-group contact
Allport’s contact hypothesis
- equal status
- common goals
- intergroup cooperation
- support of authorities, law or customs
- personal interaction
Evidence
- African Americans
- Muslims
- LGBT individuals
Implicit bias training
- evidence-based implicit bias training
- NYPD mandatory implicit bias training implementen in 2018
Combating intergroup biases
- open blatant discrimination vs. unconscious processes
- individual processes
- group processes
Individual processes in combating intergroup biases
- education, stereotype disconfirming information
- perspective taking/ empathy
- awareness, checking beliefs, making inconsistencies apparent
Group processes in combating intergroup biases
- intergroup contact –> increase interdependence between members of different groups
- social categorization and identity –> increase interdependence between mebers of different groups
- social categorization and identity –> decategorization: individuate out-group members en recategorization: common superordinate in-group
Interventions to reduce prejudice
- extenden/imagined contact
- cognitive/emotional regulation
- social categorization
Cognitive and emotional regulation in reducing prejudice
- Cogn. Conditioning (approach, if-then preparation)
- Emotions (mindfulness, explicit effort to direct positive emotions)
- Perspective taking (essay, age suits)
Social categorization in reducing prejudice
Recategorize to change negative outgroup stereotypes and homogeneity
Landmark studies
Lowe (2020) Indian cricket league: interaction lowered prejudice, adversarial
interaction mixed/negative effects
Mousa (2020) Christian/Muslim soccer: attitudes remained, behavior less prejudiced
Scacco & Warren’s (2018) Nigerian Christian and Muslim students in a computer class: attitudes remained but reduction of discriminatory behavior
Munger (2017) Twitter study + Sanctioning; randomly assigned Twitter bots to reproach male users who publicly and repeatedly used the N-word slur to harass other users»_space; sanctioning from an in-group user with a high (not low) number of followers led to an immediate average reduction
