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Culturele Psychologie > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A
  • aspects of an individual’s unique characteristics
  • enduring behavioral and cognitive characteristics, traits, or predispositions
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2
Q

Trait

A

A characteristic or quality distinguishing a person

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3
Q

Approaches to studying personality

A
  • psychological anthropology
  • etic - focused on measurement equivalenceof imported instruments
  • Emic - indigenous, culture-specific approach
  • combined etic-emic approach
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4
Q

Psychological anthropology

A

Mainly a descriptive approach. The early psychological anthropological studies were about describing groups of people, field oberservations and so forth

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5
Q

Trait approach (Etic)

A
  • is there universality? –> assumption of biological disposition for dimensions
  • are there score differences?
    Dimensions are found around the world, also in non-western contexts
    Not just for self-reports, but also structure found in large scale other-report
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6
Q

Etic - focused on measurements equivalence of imported instruments

A

The comparative approach that is focused on measurement equivalence of important instruments. That means that we’re looking at an instrument or a specific theory and the associated instrument and we’re interested in making the instrument work across different cultural settings. From an outsider’s perspective, focused on cross-cultural comparison

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7
Q

Emic - indigenous, culture-specific approach

A

The emic appraoch in contrast is the culture specific approach. It is the approach that also goes togheter with a relativist cross-cultural perspective in which you cannot compare cultures that easily. You should not engage in that because cultures need to be understood in and of themselves. You can only understand a culture from within the culture. It’s an insider approach

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8
Q

OCEAN –> Big Five

A
  • openness to experience
  • coscientiousness
  • extraversion
  • agreeableness
  • neuroticism
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9
Q

Do perceptions of national character correspond to aggregate personality traits

A
  • perception of national charater - stereotypes about personalities of people of different cultures
  • not correlated with actual, aggregate personality levels of individuals of those cultures
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10
Q

Where do traits come from

A

FFM is atheoretical (psycolexical approach, bottom-up)
FFT (five factor theory) develop to explain variation

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11
Q

Core components of traits

A
  • basic tendencies (biological)
  • characteristic adaption (cultural)
  • self-concept
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12
Q

Imposed etic approach

A

Transportation to other cultural settings
- mean differences between cultures are small - interindividual differences within cultures are much bigger
–> 4-17% of variance in interindividual differences is explained by culture

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13
Q

Emic approach

A

Reaction to imposed etics, warns about assuming meaning equivalence/ construct validity
- across the world, particularly China

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14
Q

Limitations to Emic

A
  • overemphasis on cultural uniqueness
  • initially lacked of methodological rigor
  • need for incremental validity beyond etc measures
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15
Q

Emic: Ashanti personality

A

Child is given the name of the day, as it refers to the soul of the day
- ‘correpsondence appears too striking to dismiss’
–> reflection of stereotypes, prejudice, and bias? internalized expectations?

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16
Q

Emic: Ubuntu

A

African personality
- a person is only a person through others
- individual layers
- three reference axes: family, community, ancestors
–> seek the good of the community, and your own good; seek your own good, and seek your own destruction

17
Q

Emic: Amae

A

Amae - Japan
- form of passive love or dependency (in adults)
- originating in the relationship with the mother
–> building block of Japanese relationships
Familiar to self-distancing and self-assertive dimensions, and could thus be translated into other personality dimensions

18
Q

Combined Etic / Emic approach

A
  • next step: intergration of early indigenous approaches
  • cross-cultural and indigenous studies of personality are complementary
  • combined use of emic and etic measures
19
Q

Chinese personality assessment inventory (CPAI)

A

Bottom-up, methodologically rigerous, indigenous approach, with a psycholexical starting point: everyday life descriptions, proverb, interviews

20
Q

SAPI
- South African Personality Inventory

A

–> combined EMIC/ETIC approach
1: cultural specific phase
2: instrument development phase
3: cross-cultural phase

21
Q

South Africa and psychological testing

A

Weak structure equivalence of adopted/adapted tests
Employment Equity Act: Psychological testing should only be allowed when “the test (…) being used (a) has been scientifically shown to be valid and reliable, (b) can be applied fairly to all employees; and (c) is not biased against any employee or group.” (Employment Equity Act 55, 1998)

22
Q

SAPI aims to develop:

A
  1. an indigenous theoretical model of personality; and
  2. a personality measure that can be fairly used across all language/ethnic groups in South Africa, and comlies with SA labor legislation
23
Q

SAPI 1: culture specific

A

Psycholexical approach:
- 1216 participants from all 11 language groups of SA
- interviews, whole phrases in context
- main difference to classic psycholexical approach: not exhaustive but ecologically valid
- 49818 responses/statements, later labelled as 900 specific descriptors
–> traitedness
–> Structure: facilitating

24
Q

Tratedness SAPI 1

A

Concrete behaviors
- qualified by situation
- qualified by relation
- expressed as relation or role
- expressed as joint description

25
Q

Structure: facilitating SAPI 1

A

Clusters:
- Big 5
- facilitating
- integrity
- intellect
- relationship harmony
- soft-heartedness

26
Q

SAPI 2: item development

A
  • will the item translate well
  • item too long in english
  • idiomatic items
27
Q

SAPI 3: cross-cultural phase

A
  • aim: establish validity
  • relations between subclusters were rated by 204 students from different language groups in SA, and 95 students in NL
  • hierarchical cluster analysis
  • south africa: positive/negative and person-centered/relational
  • nederland: similar clustering as in SA yet; no facilitating cluster
  • general support for the adequacy of the selected items/scales
28
Q

SAPI 3: can all trait dimensions be valid?

A
  • if trait dimensions have a biological basis
  • if they are different peices of the same cake
  • but: personality traits are not good predictors of behavior
  • is personality just a label to organize descriptions more efficiently?
29
Q

Final thought on SAPI

A

Universality/specificity
- across cultures, traits provide the primary information
- in interdependent settings higher relevance of specific behaviors, preferences, and contextualized information
Emic and Etic approaches are different, yet complementary (not incompatible)
Ethnocentrism and assessment

Culturele Psychologie (15 decks)

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