Morality

Question 1

Moral psychology

Answer 1

Relationship regulation
–> moral normas ensure group continuity

Question 2

Exclusion of norm violators

Answer 2

• eliminate potential threat for survival of group
• sustain positive ingroup evaluations and identity
• sustain group cohesion

Question 3

Punishment for norm violators

Answer 3

• ingroup punished harder than outgroup deviants
• deviant members are often ostracized

Question 4

Theoretical approaches to moral psychology

Answer 4

• Kohlberg, 1969: 1 system - understanding of justice
• Gilligan, 1982: 2 systems - justice & care
• Turiel, 1983: “Justice, rights, and welfare pertaining to how people ought to relate to each other”
• Massive issue: based on Western ideas = ethnocentrism
• Shweder (Ethics, chapter 4)
• Fiske (Relational Models)
• Haidt (Moral Foundations)

Question 5

Intuitive ethics

Answer 5

Innate preparedness to feel flashes of approval or diasapproval towards certain patterns of events involving other human beings = gut feeling

Question 6

Differences in morality

Answer 6

Implementation of universal moral basis
–> culture builds morailty on top of a foundation of shared intuitions
- status and respect
- equality and reciprocity

Question 7

Religion

Answer 7

Religion is one of the strongest cultural influences on moral values, and in a larger across-national study of values religious values varied between nations more than any other single factor

Question 8

Religious groups

Answer 8

• religions have norms, customs, identities, values, roles, institutions, etc.
• maybe we need to move away form IND/COLL and assess religious differences
• religions provide clea normative and moral guidelines

Question 9

Function of religion

Answer 9

Psychological advances
- meaning of life, particularly when facing adversity
- helps deal with social excluson
- lower risk for depressive symptoms
- religious people are happier with their social contacts

Question 10

Religiosity-as-social-value hypothesis

Answer 10

• self-esteem: religious believers > nonbelievers
• psychological adjustment: religious believers > nonbelievers
  –> only posiitve effexts is societally values

Question 11

Rituals

Answer 11

Non-religious rituals
=/= routines
=/= social conventions
= often specific behaviors that are recurrent, and take place at a specific place/time with symbolic value attached to them

Question 12

Rituals are functional

Answer 12

• belonging/inclusion
• identity
• social cohesion
• cooperation
• cultural transmission
  –> family rituals are related to positive experiences as they strengthen family bonding

Question 13

Dignity

Answer 13

Everyone born with the same value

Question 14

Honor

Answer 14

Valperception/evaluation and that of others

Question 15

Face

Answer 15

Face is tied to the satus commendaded by social position

Question 16

Face cultures

Answer 16

Where the concept of honor is important for social interactions
- meditarranean
- middle-east
- central asia
- army/police
- gangs/organized crime

Question 17

Definition of Honor

Answer 17

Honor is the value of a person in his own eyes, but also in the eyes of his society. It is his estimation of his own worth, his claim to pride, but it is also the acknowledgement of that claim, his excellence recognized by society, his right to pride

Question 18

Psychological approaches to honor

Answer 18

• to some extent see honor as ‘cultural syndrome’
• attempts to explain honor cultures and the impact of honor
• lawless environments
• harsch environments

Question 19

Honor and psychology

Answer 19

People in honor cultures, when insulted…
- … experience more shame and anger
- … are more agressive
–> honor is a cultural syndrome - it is culturally specific and not comparable across culture or understood from a Western perspective

Question 20

Real versus alleged misconduct
- honor

Answer 20

• actual misconduct
• alleged misconduct: slander, defamation
  –> cowardice stigma
• important to have an appropriate and adequate response: failing to react proportionately to a serious attack or a slanderous insult is - in any community - considered evidence or cowardice

Question 21

Cowardice stigma

Answer 21

Not defending one’s (moral) reputation

Question 22

Stigma by association

Answer 22

Stigmas extend to others that are related to the stigmatized, who are seen as partially responsible by acts of commission or acts of ommission
Individuals distance themselves from deviants in order to decrease the chances of stigma-by-association
The higher the experienced threat to one’s social image, the higher the intentions to sanction the deviant

Question 23

Where is the influence of culture on honor

Answer 23

-what is considered immoral
- norms about dealing with immoral behavior
- differences in terms of vigilance - related to tightness/looseness

Question 24

Radicalization

Answer 24

A process through which people become increasingly motivated to use violent means against members of an out-group or symbolic targets to achieve behavioral change and political goals
- personal grievance
- group grievance
- slippery slope
- love

Question 25

Terrorism

Answer 25

Act of violence, directed at non-combatants/civilian, to influence political direction/create fear
- George W. Bush: ‘evil cowards’
- not rational
- morally bad people
–> these are radical / a terrorist

Question 26

Sacred values

Answer 26

Any value that a moral community implicitly treats as possessing infinite or transcendental significance that precludes comparisons, trade-offs, or indeed any other mingling with bounded or secular values
- support for suicide attacks in non-utlitarian
- suicide is a costly group > individual investment that is adaptive for the group
- conflict can be reduced not by fincancial means but by symbolic gestures, dimished humiliation, and respect