Extra

Question 1

What is Emic?
–> focusses on culture

Answer 1

The Emic approach is a way of measuring personality –> indigenous, culture-specific approach
- The emic appraoch in contrast is the culture specific approach. It is the approach that also goes togheter with a relativist cross-cultural perspective in which you cannot compare cultures that easily. You should not engage in that because cultures need to be understood in and of themselves. You can only understand a culture from within the culture. It’s an insider approach

Question 2

What is Etic?
–> focusses on equivalence

Answer 2

The Etic approach is a way of measuring personality focused on measurement equivalenceof imported instruments
- trait approach
- The comparative approach that is focused on measurement equivalence of important instruments. That means that we’re looking at an instrument or a specific theory and the associated instrument and we’re interested in making the instrument work across different cultural settings. From an outsider’s perspective, focused on cross-cultural comparison

Question 3

What is the rice vs wheat theory?

Answer 3

Rice theory predicts highest interdependence in the south and east, because ricefarming is ecxtensive
Wheat theory is modernization theory?

Question 4

What are Hofstedes dimensions for?

Answer 4

Hofstedes dimensions are used to classify cultural patterns and differences
- powerdistance
- masculine/feminine
- avoidance/uncertainty
- individualism/collectivism
– longterm/shortterm orientation
– indulgence

Question 5

How does Triandid classify cultures?

Answer 5

• vertical and horizontal
• individual and collectivistic

Question 6

Wat is the difference between independence and interdependence?

Answer 6

• independence: being different from others (western –> individualism)
• interdependence: being connected to others (collectivistic)

Question 7

Long term and short term orientation van Hofstede

Answer 7

Long term orientation: Think about the future and work towards a better future?
Short term orientation: Stay in the present and value old traditions

Question 8

How does Gelfand classify cultures?

Answer 8

Loose and tight cultures

Question 9

How do Markus and Kitayama classify culture?

Answer 9

Independence and interdependence within people as representatives

Question 10

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research?

Answer 10

Qualitative research focusses on understanding concepts (social) –> research through questionnaires etc.
Quantitative research focusses on measuring variables and establishing patterns

Question 11

Difference ethnicity en race?

Answer 11

Race are physical traits of heritage and ethnicity refers to cultural heritage/origin

Question 12

Difference assimilation and accomodation?

Answer 12

Assimilation: change the information to fit the scheme –> causes belief-perseverance effect
Accommodation: change the scheme to fit the information

Question 13

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 13

Contribute behavior to internal factors
–> behavior is caused by the person, not external factors

Question 14

Ethnocentrism

Answer 14

The tendency to use one’s own group’s standards as the standard when viewing other groups, to place
one’s group at the top of a hierarchy and to rank all others as lower

Question 15

Culture as a situated cognition

Answer 15

Culture is already situated in the cognition –> the culture is there automatically
–> Cultural frame switching is different, because there the culture isn’t already in your cognition but you switch to the culture

Question 16

What is alteration?

Answer 16

Change/modification in cultural practices, norms, values etc.

Question 17

Dynamic constructivism

Question 18

Vignettes

Answer 18

Vignettes are short, fictional scenarios or stories presented to participants to study their responses or reactions. These vignettes are carefully crafted to address specific research questions and elicit insights into participants’ thoughts, beliefs, or behaviors

Question 19

Acculturation

Answer 19

Acculturation is the process by which individuals or groups from one cultural background adopt or adapt to elements of another culture through continuous contact and interaction.
–> this is for groups, not individuals

Question 20

Acculturation orientations

Answer 20

integration: +maintenance en +adaption
Separation: +maintenance en -adaption
Assimilation: -maintenance en +adaption
Marginalization: -maintenance en -adaption (also individualism)

Question 21

Acculturating groups

Answer 21

Ethnocultural groups: sedentry with voluntary contact (subculture?)
Indigenous people: sedentry with involuntary contact (Native Americans)
Immigrants: migrated with voluntary contact
Refugees: migrated with involuntary contact

Question 22

Domain specificity of acculturation

Answer 22

Superordinate level: public and private domain
Ordinate level: more specific life domains
Subordinate level: Specific situations

Question 23

Pluralist ideology –> pluralism

Answer 23

Immigrants adopt to hostcountry, but own culture is respected
(Integration)

Question 24

Ethnist ideology

Answer 24

Same as pluralism –> immigrants adopt, but are respected
- can emphasize on the hostculture
(integrated but also little bit assimilation)
–> The state does expect little from immigrants, as they were never expected to become part of society.

Question 25

Assimilist ideology

Answer 25

Immigrants adopt and need to lose their own culture
(assimilation)

Question 26

Civic ideology

Answer 26

Same as pluralism but a bit further than ethnism

Question 27

Positive logical determinism
-???

Answer 27

Either the one or the other –> naïve dialectism is the middelground

Question 28

Collective threath

Answer 28

Fear that an ingroup member’s behavior can reinforce negative stereotypes about one’s group

Question 29

Dimensional approach emotion

Answer 29

Russel: activity and evaluation
Osgood: activity, evaluation and potency
Fontaine: activity, evaluation, potency and unpredictability

Question 30

Hypersensitivty hypothesis

Answer 30

Being more alert for microagressions (negativity because of group)

Question 31

Front-end calibration

Answer 31

Events trigger an emotion, but these events have a different cultural meaning and can differ in emotion in different cultures

Question 32

Radicalization

Answer 32

A process through which people become increasingly motivated to use violent means against members of an out-group or symbolic targets to achieve behavioral change and political goals

Question 33

Anomie

Answer 33

Lack of norms

Question 34

Which countries are interdependent?

Answer 34

Japanese and generally Asian cultures, as well as African, Latin-American, and Southern European cultures.

Question 35

Cultural syndromes

Question 36

Bias

Answer 36

Systematic errors that endanger the comparability of results across cultures/groups

Question 37

Osch about honor

Answer 37

Systematic errors that endanger the comparability of results across cultures/groups