Extra Flashcards
What is Emic?
–> focusses on culture
The Emic approach is a way of measuring personality –> indigenous, culture-specific approach
- The emic appraoch in contrast is the culture specific approach. It is the approach that also goes togheter with a relativist cross-cultural perspective in which you cannot compare cultures that easily. You should not engage in that because cultures need to be understood in and of themselves. You can only understand a culture from within the culture. It’s an insider approach
What is Etic?
–> focusses on equivalence
The Etic approach is a way of measuring personality focused on measurement equivalenceof imported instruments
- trait approach
- The comparative approach that is focused on measurement equivalence of important instruments. That means that we’re looking at an instrument or a specific theory and the associated instrument and we’re interested in making the instrument work across different cultural settings. From an outsider’s perspective, focused on cross-cultural comparison
What is the rice vs wheat theory?
Rice theory predicts highest interdependence in the south and east, because ricefarming is ecxtensive
Wheat theory is modernization theory?
What are Hofstedes dimensions for?
Hofstedes dimensions are used to classify cultural patterns and differences
- powerdistance
- masculine/feminine
- avoidance/uncertainty
- individualism/collectivism
– longterm/shortterm orientation
– indulgence
How does Triandid classify cultures?
- vertical and horizontal
- individual and collectivistic
Wat is the difference between independence and interdependence?
- independence: being different from others (western –> individualism)
- interdependence: being connected to others (collectivistic)
Long term and short term orientation van Hofstede
Long term orientation: Think about the future and work towards a better future?
Short term orientation: Stay in the present and value old traditions
How does Gelfand classify cultures?
Loose and tight cultures
How do Markus and Kitayama classify culture?
Independence and interdependence within people as representatives
What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research?
Qualitative research focusses on understanding concepts (social) –> research through questionnaires etc.
Quantitative research focusses on measuring variables and establishing patterns
Difference ethnicity en race?
Race are physical traits of heritage and ethnicity refers to cultural heritage/origin
Difference assimilation and accomodation?
Assimilation: change the information to fit the scheme –> causes belief-perseverance effect
Accommodation: change the scheme to fit the information
Fundamental attribution error
Contribute behavior to internal factors
–> behavior is caused by the person, not external factors
Ethnocentrism
The tendency to use one’s own group’s standards as the standard when viewing other groups, to place
one’s group at the top of a hierarchy and to rank all others as lower
Culture as a situated cognition
Culture is already situated in the cognition –> the culture is there automatically
–> Cultural frame switching is different, because there the culture isn’t already in your cognition but you switch to the culture
What is alteration?
Change/modification in cultural practices, norms, values etc.
Dynamic constructivism
Vignettes
Vignettes are short, fictional scenarios or stories presented to participants to study their responses or reactions. These vignettes are carefully crafted to address specific research questions and elicit insights into participants’ thoughts, beliefs, or behaviors
Acculturation
Acculturation is the process by which individuals or groups from one cultural background adopt or adapt to elements of another culture through continuous contact and interaction.
–> this is for groups, not individuals
Acculturation orientations
integration: +maintenance en +adaption
Separation: +maintenance en -adaption
Assimilation: -maintenance en +adaption
Marginalization: -maintenance en -adaption (also individualism)
Acculturating groups
Ethnocultural groups: sedentry with voluntary contact (subculture?)
Indigenous people: sedentry with involuntary contact (Native Americans)
Immigrants: migrated with voluntary contact
Refugees: migrated with involuntary contact
Domain specificity of acculturation
Superordinate level: public and private domain
Ordinate level: more specific life domains
Subordinate level: Specific situations
Pluralist ideology –> pluralism
Immigrants adopt to hostcountry, but own culture is respected
(Integration)
Ethnist ideology
Same as pluralism –> immigrants adopt, but are respected
- can emphasize on the hostculture
(integrated but also little bit assimilation)
–> The state does expect little from immigrants, as they were never expected to become part of society.
Assimilist ideology
Immigrants adopt and need to lose their own culture
(assimilation)
Civic ideology
Same as pluralism but a bit further than ethnism
Positive logical determinism
-???
Either the one or the other –> naïve dialectism is the middelground
Collective threath
Fear that an ingroup member’s behavior can reinforce negative stereotypes about one’s group
Dimensional approach emotion
Russel: activity and evaluation
Osgood: activity, evaluation and potency
Fontaine: activity, evaluation, potency and unpredictability
Hypersensitivty hypothesis
Being more alert for microagressions (negativity because of group)
Front-end calibration
Events trigger an emotion, but these events have a different cultural meaning and can differ in emotion in different cultures
Radicalization
A process through which people become increasingly motivated to use violent means against members of an out-group or symbolic targets to achieve behavioral change and political goals
Anomie
Lack of norms
Which countries are interdependent?
Japanese and generally Asian cultures, as well as African, Latin-American, and Southern European cultures.
Cultural syndromes
Bias
Systematic errors that endanger the comparability of results across cultures/groups
Osch about honor
Systematic errors that endanger the comparability of results across cultures/groups
