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Culturele Psychologie > Cultural transmission > Flashcards

Cultural transmission Flashcards

1
Q

Socialization

A

Learning and internalizing rules and patterns of behaviors that are affected by cultures
- socialization is more about the formal processes

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2
Q

Enculturation

A

Youngsters learing and adopting ways and manners of their specific culture
- enculturation is more about the content that is actually acquired

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3
Q

Universal

A

Humans want to be competent, productive adults and members of their group. It is different to every person what it means to be competent and productive

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4
Q

Agents

A

teachers, peers, friends, siblings and family etc.

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5
Q

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems

A

Individual
Microsystem: Direct influence on individual –> family, friends and siblings
Mesosystem: connections between microsystems
Exosystem: Indirect influence on individual –> extended family, school, media, neighbors
Macrosystem: maatschappelijke normen en waarden –> law, history, economics, culture

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6
Q

Nuclear family

A

Two adults and one child
Prototyping in many Western countries
–> few differnces in emotional closeness, geographic distance, contact

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7
Q

Extended family

A

Parents, children, grandparents
Prototyping in many Non-Western countries
–> closer (both emotionally and geographically) in protorypically collectivist contexts

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8
Q

Family structure change

A
  • siblings of grandparents/ great-grandparents
  • were families bigger
  • what were the gender roles
  • who took care of the children
  • why do you have children
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9
Q

High SES parents in helping cultural transmission

A

More educated/ educational opporunities - answer children’s questions in a more elaborated manner; guided interaction is more important

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10
Q

Low SES parents in cultural transmission

A

Less willingness to guide their children, and rather leave them to themselves, learn as you go

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11
Q

Norms, customes, child care: parental ethnotheories

A

Parents have ideas about how their children should grow up
What is normal/what is encouraged varies across cultures
- rocking/thumb-sucking: discouraged by south African mothers/ normal for native African mothers
- parental expectations differ in terms of when the child should have accomplished a developmental task
- effects of parental ethnotheories and parenting on cognition and behavior –> red-dot mirror self recognition

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12
Q

Temperament in children

A
  • easy child: agreeable, quite positive in terms of mood and quite responsive
  • fussy/difficult child: qithdawn from interactions and is characterized by bad moods
  • slow to warm up child: once warmed up is actually making nice transitions and is very positive and responsive as well
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13
Q

Goodness of fit

A
  • match between temperament and context
  • what might be difficult in one setting can be protective/appropriate in another
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14
Q

Bias in construct and methods
- attachment

A
  • parental sensitivity may not mean the same
  • strange situation test (Ainsworth)
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15
Q

Bias in construct and methods
- Piaget’s stage model

A
  • cultural differences in reaching stages
  • is the ultimate stage (scientific reasoning/formal operational) equally valued across cultures?
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16
Q

Modernization theory

A

The modernization perspective claims that inter-generational dependencies (family interdependence) should decrease and separation/ nucleation within the family should increase with socio-economic development, pointing to a convergence toward the Western nucleated independent family, a core of the individualistic society
–> that people will become more Western when they change into a more industrialized and urbanized context

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17
Q

Kagitcibasi

A

Modernization theory/convergence hypothesis cannot be the whole story
- value of children (VOC) study
- economic/utilitarian (majority world)
- psychological (minority world) value of children
- family model of interdependence/independence/psychological interdependence

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18
Q

Family model of interdependence

A

Prevalent in traditional rural agrarian societies

19
Q

Family model of independence

A

Characteristic of western middle class nuclear families

20
Q

family model of psychological interdependence

A

Urban/educated contexts in prototypically collectivist settings

21
Q

The self

A
  • separateness vs. relatedness
  • autonomy vs. heteronomy
22
Q

Implication: ageing societies

A
  • Individuals in Western societies are economically ‘independent’
  • Care facilities, homes for the elderly
  • Ageing societies may require different solutions - and family models
23
Q

What constitutes parenting

A
  • values
  • goals
  • expectations
  • behaviors
  • styles
24
Q

Factors influences parenting

A
  • parents personality
  • marital relationship
  • schild characteristics
  • context/neighborhood
  • socioeconomic status
  • culture
25
Q

Baumrind’s parenting styles

A
  • authoritarian: high control and low responsiveness
  • authorative: high control and high responsiveness
  • neglectful: low control and low responsiveness
  • permissive: low control and high responsiveness
26
Q

Authoritative parenting

A
  • ideal parenting style in much of Western societies
  • when something goes wrong, you still take control, but the question is how
  • you appreciate the perspective, a lot of conversation, you really want the child to understand why you are saying no
27
Q

Authorirarian parenting

A
  • Much less elaboration
  • the adult hands down the law. No explanation, just an expectation that the child will obey
28
Q

Permissive parenting

A

The child is doing what he or she wants

29
Q

Neglectful parenting

A

Not much control and not much warmth. Sometimes when parents have a lot of jobs, this can occur

30
Q

Helicopter parents

A

Parents cannot stop monitoring what is going on. The kid is not able to take risks anymore

31
Q

Parenting styles across cultures

A
  • warmth and control are salient dimensions around the world
  • is authorative always better?
    –> caucasian: authorative parenting style associated with higher grades and authoritarian and permissive styles were associated with lower grades
    –> chinese: mixed
32
Q

Emic perspective on parenting styles

A

Training is a culture-specific form of parenting that is distinct from Baumrind’s parenting styles and parenting dimensions of warmth and control
- chia-shun= organizational control
- guan = parental involvement and investment
–> not enough evidence, no incremental insight

33
Q

Study Rudy and Grusec

A

Authoritarian parenting style is associated with positive parental characteristics in collectivist cultures and with negative parental characteristics in individualist cultures
- negative association between authoritarianism and warmth only in individualistic context
- trend for a positive association between authoritarianism and warmth in collectivist context

34
Q

Study Chao

A

Training is a culture-specific form of parenting that is distinct from Baumrind’s parenting styles and parenting dimensions of warmth and control
- emic perspective: chia-sun= organizational control, and guan= parental involvement and investment
- not enough evidence, no incremental insight
High parental control was associated with low parental warmth by Belgian and Turkish adolescents but high parental control was not perceived as lack of warmth by migrants

35
Q

Independent prototyping parenting behavior

A

Urban middle-class in modern (post-) industrialized societies
- WEIRD

36
Q

Interdependent prototyping parenting behavior

A

Rural farmers with no/low formal schooling

37
Q

Socialization goals

A
  • independence: pusuing own goals, uniqueness
  • interdependence: social harmony, respect towards elders, obedience
  • autonomous related: mixture of the above
38
Q

Independent parenting style

A
  • face-to-face-contact and object stimulation
  • less body contact and body stimulation
  • exclusivity of mother-child dyad
  • baby as equal with individuality, own will and own preferences
39
Q

Interdependent parenting style

A
  • more body contact and body stimulation
  • less face-to-face-contact and object stimulation
  • tight social network
  • child as apprentice
40
Q

Autonomous-related parenting strategy

A
  • mixed strategy
  • eclusive mother-child dyad in thight social network
41
Q

Co-sleeping

A
  • interdependence: bonding with your children
  • independence: husband/wife relationship, self-sufficient children
    –> eco-cultural context:
  • economic conditions affect parenting patterns
  • farming mothers wean later than wage-earning mothers
42
Q

Mirror self-recognition

A
  • culture-specific development pathways
  • geman (urban), indian (urban), indian (rural), NSO (rural)
  • control: familiarity with mirrors, norms of expressive behavior etc.
  • predictor: socialization goals, pronoun use etc.
43
Q

MSR results

A

Research has shown that children from relational contexts begin to pass the MSR task consistently at a later age than do children from autonomy-oriented contexts
MSR increased with age, higher in urban Germany and urban India

Culturele Psychologie (15 decks)

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