Cultural transmission Flashcards
Socialization
Learning and internalizing rules and patterns of behaviors that are affected by cultures
- socialization is more about the formal processes
Enculturation
Youngsters learing and adopting ways and manners of their specific culture
- enculturation is more about the content that is actually acquired
Universal
Humans want to be competent, productive adults and members of their group. It is different to every person what it means to be competent and productive
Agents
teachers, peers, friends, siblings and family etc.
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems
Individual
Microsystem: Direct influence on individual –> family, friends and siblings
Mesosystem: connections between microsystems
Exosystem: Indirect influence on individual –> extended family, school, media, neighbors
Macrosystem: maatschappelijke normen en waarden –> law, history, economics, culture
Nuclear family
Two adults and one child
Prototyping in many Western countries
–> few differnces in emotional closeness, geographic distance, contact
Extended family
Parents, children, grandparents
Prototyping in many Non-Western countries
–> closer (both emotionally and geographically) in protorypically collectivist contexts
Family structure change
- siblings of grandparents/ great-grandparents
- were families bigger
- what were the gender roles
- who took care of the children
- why do you have children
High SES parents in helping cultural transmission
More educated/ educational opporunities - answer children’s questions in a more elaborated manner; guided interaction is more important
Low SES parents in cultural transmission
Less willingness to guide their children, and rather leave them to themselves, learn as you go
Norms, customes, child care: parental ethnotheories
Parents have ideas about how their children should grow up
What is normal/what is encouraged varies across cultures
- rocking/thumb-sucking: discouraged by south African mothers/ normal for native African mothers
- parental expectations differ in terms of when the child should have accomplished a developmental task
- effects of parental ethnotheories and parenting on cognition and behavior –> red-dot mirror self recognition
Temperament in children
- easy child: agreeable, quite positive in terms of mood and quite responsive
- fussy/difficult child: qithdawn from interactions and is characterized by bad moods
- slow to warm up child: once warmed up is actually making nice transitions and is very positive and responsive as well
Goodness of fit
- match between temperament and context
- what might be difficult in one setting can be protective/appropriate in another
Bias in construct and methods
- attachment
- parental sensitivity may not mean the same
- strange situation test (Ainsworth)
Bias in construct and methods
- Piaget’s stage model
- cultural differences in reaching stages
- is the ultimate stage (scientific reasoning/formal operational) equally valued across cultures?
Modernization theory
The modernization perspective claims that inter-generational dependencies (family interdependence) should decrease and separation/ nucleation within the family should increase with socio-economic development, pointing to a convergence toward the Western nucleated independent family, a core of the individualistic society
–> that people will become more Western when they change into a more industrialized and urbanized context
Kagitcibasi
Modernization theory/convergence hypothesis cannot be the whole story
- value of children (VOC) study
- economic/utilitarian (majority world)
- psychological (minority world) value of children
- family model of interdependence/independence/psychological interdependence
Family model of interdependence
Prevalent in traditional rural agrarian societies
Family model of independence
Characteristic of western middle class nuclear families
family model of psychological interdependence
Urban/educated contexts in prototypically collectivist settings
The self
- separateness vs. relatedness
- autonomy vs. heteronomy
Implication: ageing societies
- Individuals in Western societies are economically ‘independent’
- Care facilities, homes for the elderly
- Ageing societies may require different solutions - and family models
What constitutes parenting
- values
- goals
- expectations
- behaviors
- styles
Factors influences parenting
- parents personality
- marital relationship
- schild characteristics
- context/neighborhood
- socioeconomic status
- culture
Baumrind’s parenting styles
- authoritarian: high control and low responsiveness
- authorative: high control and high responsiveness
- neglectful: low control and low responsiveness
- permissive: low control and high responsiveness
Authoritative parenting
- ideal parenting style in much of Western societies
- when something goes wrong, you still take control, but the question is how
- you appreciate the perspective, a lot of conversation, you really want the child to understand why you are saying no
Authorirarian parenting
- Much less elaboration
- the adult hands down the law. No explanation, just an expectation that the child will obey
Permissive parenting
The child is doing what he or she wants
Neglectful parenting
Not much control and not much warmth. Sometimes when parents have a lot of jobs, this can occur
Helicopter parents
Parents cannot stop monitoring what is going on. The kid is not able to take risks anymore
Parenting styles across cultures
- warmth and control are salient dimensions around the world
- is authorative always better?
–> caucasian: authorative parenting style associated with higher grades and authoritarian and permissive styles were associated with lower grades
–> chinese: mixed
Emic perspective on parenting styles
Training is a culture-specific form of parenting that is distinct from Baumrind’s parenting styles and parenting dimensions of warmth and control
- chia-shun= organizational control
- guan = parental involvement and investment
–> not enough evidence, no incremental insight
Study Rudy and Grusec
Authoritarian parenting style is associated with positive parental characteristics in collectivist cultures and with negative parental characteristics in individualist cultures
- negative association between authoritarianism and warmth only in individualistic context
- trend for a positive association between authoritarianism and warmth in collectivist context
Study Chao
Training is a culture-specific form of parenting that is distinct from Baumrind’s parenting styles and parenting dimensions of warmth and control
- emic perspective: chia-sun= organizational control, and guan= parental involvement and investment
- not enough evidence, no incremental insight
High parental control was associated with low parental warmth by Belgian and Turkish adolescents but high parental control was not perceived as lack of warmth by migrants
Independent prototyping parenting behavior
Urban middle-class in modern (post-) industrialized societies
- WEIRD
Interdependent prototyping parenting behavior
Rural farmers with no/low formal schooling
Socialization goals
- independence: pusuing own goals, uniqueness
- interdependence: social harmony, respect towards elders, obedience
- autonomous related: mixture of the above
Independent parenting style
- face-to-face-contact and object stimulation
- less body contact and body stimulation
- exclusivity of mother-child dyad
- baby as equal with individuality, own will and own preferences
Interdependent parenting style
- more body contact and body stimulation
- less face-to-face-contact and object stimulation
- tight social network
- child as apprentice
Autonomous-related parenting strategy
- mixed strategy
- eclusive mother-child dyad in thight social network
Co-sleeping
- interdependence: bonding with your children
- independence: husband/wife relationship, self-sufficient children
–> eco-cultural context: - economic conditions affect parenting patterns
- farming mothers wean later than wage-earning mothers
Mirror self-recognition
- culture-specific development pathways
- geman (urban), indian (urban), indian (rural), NSO (rural)
- control: familiarity with mirrors, norms of expressive behavior etc.
- predictor: socialization goals, pronoun use etc.
MSR results
Research has shown that children from relational contexts begin to pass the MSR task consistently at a later age than do children from autonomy-oriented contexts
MSR increased with age, higher in urban Germany and urban India
