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Culturele Psychologie > Culture and mental health > Flashcards

Culture and mental health Flashcards

1
Q

Universalist perspective of mental health

A

Many disorders have identical symptoms

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2
Q

cultural relativism of mental health

A

View that culture and psychopathy are intertwined

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3
Q

Abnormality in mental health

A

Disorders can be understood only in the cultural framework within they occur
- cautions against ethnocentrism

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4
Q

Classification systems for mental disorders

A
  • DSM
  • ICD
  • CCMD
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5
Q

DSM

A

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
–> DSM V revised to include cultural concepts of distress (CCD) and cutural fromulation

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6
Q

ICD

A

International classification of diseases

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7
Q

CCMD

A

Chinese classification of mental disorders

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8
Q

Three aspects of cultural understanding of mental health

A
  • cultural syndromes of distress
  • cultural idioms of distress
  • cultural explanation of distress
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9
Q

Cultural syndromes of distress

A

Patterns of symptoms that tend to cluster together for individuals in specific cultural grooups, communities, or contexts

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10
Q

Cultural idioms of distress

A

Ways that communities and cultural groups communicate and express their distressing thoughts, behaviors and emotions

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11
Q

Cultural explanations of distress

A

What communities and cultural groups believe is the cause of the distress, symptoms, or illness

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12
Q

Cross-cultural assessment tools for mental health

A
  • questionnaires, interview protocols, or standardized tasks requiring behavioral response
  • play limited role in other cultures with varying definitions of abnormality
  • large scale comparatie studies often need local (emic) supplements
  • cultural backgrounds of both therapist and client
    –> perception + assessment
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13
Q

Somatization
- mental health

A
  • more prototypically collectivist cultures more somatization (physical symptoms/complaints)
  • more prototypically individualist cultures more psychologization (emotional symptoms/complants)
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14
Q

Karabasan

A

The way that people describe having a sleeping disorder in Turkey, sounds a lot like hallucinations. It is not, they describe like some ghost is sitting on top of them, but apparently, this is normalin Turkey when you talk about having a sleeping disorder

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15
Q

Overpathologizing

A

Considering behavior as pathological, when behavior is a normal variation for that individual’s culture

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16
Q

Underpathologizing

A

Indiscriminately seeing behavior as cultural, when behavior actually reflects abnormal psychological response

17
Q

Cross-cultural research of schizophrenia

A
  • universal symptoms - lack of insight, auditory and verbal hallucinations, and ideas of reference
  • course of illness was more positive for patients in developing countries than developed countries
  • symptoms manifestation varies between countries
    –> Family and social interactions influence the course of schizophrenia
18
Q

Trends in mental health

A

Relabeling and inclusiom of these manifestations in the mainstream diagnostic categories in the upcoming revisions of the diagnostic manual would pave way for a better understanding and management of these conditions
–> moving away from ‘culture-bound syndromes’ leads to cultural syndromes of distress

19
Q

African American minorities in mental health

A
  • historical context
  • lower rates of depression
20
Q

Latino American minorities in mental health

A
  • variety of Latino groups
  • Ethnic community vitality/strength
21
Q

Asian American minorities in mental health

A
  • Heterogenous, low prevalence
  • model minority
    –> masking mental health issues
22
Q

Native American minorities in mental health

A
  • Higher prevalence
  • Culture-loss
23
Q

Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees

A
  • intitial mental health issues lower than general population
  • prevalence of trauma
  • assessment and treatment benefit from interpreters and cultural brokers
  • mental health assessment should include trajectory
24
Q

Migration and mental health

A

Prevalence rates of minorities =/= prevalence rates countries of origin&raquo_space; relevance of migration trajectories
- major shift: personal ties, socio-economic system, cultural system
- immigrants and refugees less likely than locals to access mental health services
- refugees particularly vulnerable

25
Q

Migration and mental health services

A
  • communication
  • cultural narratives of symptoms and illness behaviors
  • family structure, acculturation, intergenerational conflict
  • receiving society’s facilitation/hindrance of adaption
26
Q

Conclusion of minorities in mental health

A
  • psychiatric diagnoses, classifcation schemes, and measurement of abnormality are complex and difficult issues
  • psychopathologies are influenced by culture in terms of: specific behavioral and contextual manifestations and the meaning of disorder to individuals
  • classification systems and assessment methods need to contain both etic and emic elements
27
Q

Psychotherapie for mental health

A
  • western origin, focused on the individual
  • cognitive behavioral therapy: one of the most common therapies
  • what the person can do himself, very individuallistic approach
  • talking about the issues and processing your thoughts, how you make sense of things and self-awareness
28
Q

Cultural limitations in mental health treatment

A

therapy is bound to cultural framework
- definition of abnormality
- relevance of the self
- knowledge/skills of therapist
- what is success/functionality

29
Q

Role of the person in mental health treatment

A
  • western psychotherapy applies everywhere
  • self-reflection/-awareness and introspection are universal
  • modification
30
Q

Exporting and modifying psychotherapy

A
  • incorporating religion
  • engaging in family versus individual psychotherapie
  • meta-analysis: culturally modified psychotherapies more effictive than non-modified psychotherapy to treat depressive disorders
  • similar effects of (modified) CBT in ethnocultural groups in USA
  • cultural relativist position - psychotherapy was developed in a specific culture and cannot be exported to other cultures
  • universailst position - there are aspects of psychotherpay that are relevant for all people
    –> culturally sensitive (modified) psychotherapies are usefull
31
Q

Treatment of mental disorders

A
  • Disparities between and within countries
    –> those in lower income countries are less likely to receive treatment than those in countries with mre economic resources
    –> same difference within one country, and mental health utilization and length of treatment differ by racial or ethnic group
32
Q

Treatment barries
- mental disorders

A
  • Language barriers: language proficiency affects the use of mental services
  • Stigma and mistrust: Emotions such as shame and loss of face is associated with mental health services
  • beliefs on health and illness: people are encouraged to rely on willpower to confront problems rather than relying on formal treatment
  • social structures and policies: lack of availability of mental health services, health insurance, and culturally competent services
33
Q

Removing barriers in mental health treatment

A
  • barriers interact with racial or ethnic backgrounds, immigration status, and socioeconomic status
  • hire bilingual and bicultural staff
  • increasing outreach and practitioners in the communality
  • having flexible hours (multiple jobs)
  • reducing stigma (different per group)
34
Q

Treatment challanges

A

Particularly when therapist and client do not share linguistic/cultural background:
–> cultural idioms of distress
–> communication patterns
- treatment expectations

35
Q

Matching therapist and client

A
  • what is a match?
  • ehtnic matching critical for counselling, small effects for therapy
  • cognitive and cultural matching, communication skills more relevant
  • for culturally competent services
36
Q

Indigenous/tradition healing

A
  • reliance on family and community
  • incorporation of traditional, spiritual, and religious beliefs
  • use of shamans in treatment
37
Q

James Gone’s work with native Americans
–> indigenous healing

A
  • traditonal healing in the Native American community places emphasis on: Rank and status, role and protocol and relationship
  • indigenous healing serves as the foundation for incorporating other treatments
38
Q

The way forward in mental health

A
  1. internal validity, comparisons, RCT
  2. Go beyond the clinical field - include basic cultural psychology - some groups don’t like positive feedback!
  3. cultural competence of therapists
  4. cultural competence = good outcomes?
  5. cultural adaptions are not always good

Culturele Psychologie (15 decks)

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