Social and Multicultural Flashcards
Heider’s attributional theory (disposition & situation)
People make either dispositional or situational attributions.
Dispositional: Cause of a behavior within a person (poor performance due to lack of effort)
Situational: Cause of a behavior is external. (poor performance due to test’s unfairness).
Kelley’s attributional theory (consistency, distinctiveness, consensus)
In order to decide whether one’s behavior is due to internal vs external factors, need to consider consistency (same behavior over time), distinctiveness (whether Bx is unique to a context), and consensus (is everyone else doing it).
Learned helplessness
When someone attributes negative events to internal, stable, and global causes, that person is more likely to experience depression, helplessness, and hopelessness.
Fundamental Attribution bias
Tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal factors, while underestimating the influence of external factors.
Actor-Observer Bias
Describes a situation in which people attribute their own actions to situational factors while minimizing the role of dispositional elements.
Self-serving bias
When we explain our own behavior, we tend to attribute our own successes to internal factors and failures to external ones.
Availability heuristic
People estimate the likelihood of a situation by how easily they can recall it.
EX: Thinking that firearms cause more death than asthma because we hear about gun deaths more often.
Representative heuristic
People make judgements about others based on what they believe is a typical example of a particular category.
EX: Assuming victims in rape are female and perpetrators are male b/c that’s what we hear about.
Simulation Heuristic
`Suggests that people develop mental images of situations and then use these mental images to make judgments about facts in their lives.
Consistency theories
Propose that attitude formation and change are organized by a need to impose structure and order on one’s understanding of the environment.
Balance theory
Explains attitude change when two people have attitudes toward the same object or activity. When there is balance (shared attitude), nothing happens; when there is imbalance (conflicting attitudes), people are motivated to change aspects of their attitudes.
Cognitive Dissonance
People change their attitudes to reduce the aversive arousal they experience when they become aware of inconsistency in their cognitions. Results in people changing their attitudes to match their actions.
Self-perception theory
Competes with consistency theories. People infer their attitudes as well as their emotions by observing their own behavior. “I did it so I believe it” theory.
Behavioral confirmation
People are motivated to confirm the expectations others have for them.
Reactance theory (MUH FREEDOM)
People won’t comply with requests or attempts to be persuaded if they feel their freedom is being threatened.
Prejudice
Negative attitude directed toward a specific group of ppl. Contains cognitive (stereotyping), affective, and behavioral (discrimination) components.
Learned prejudice
Learned through classical, operant conditioning, as well as modeling.
James-Lange theory of emotion
Emotion results from perceiving bodily reactions/responses. EX: see a mugger –> HR increase –> perception of that HR results in fear. NOT WELL SUPPORTED.
Cannon-Bard theory
Emotions and bodily reactions occur concurrently. Some support for this thoery.
Schacter’s two factor theory
Emotion results from information from internal (hypothalamus, limbic system) and external (context) factors.
Social exchange theory
Evaluates attraction is affected by the costs and benefits of being in a relationship. When costs outweigh benefits, attraction declines.
Normative social influence
Pressure to conform based on an eed for approval and acceptance by a group.
Informational social influence
Pressure to conform based on the assumption that the other person hasmore info than you.
Reference groups
Conforming to mirror people we admire, like, and want to resemble.
Etic vs Emic
Etic view of people: there are universal principles underlying personality, psychopathology, and psychotherapy.
Emic view: culture specific; from an emic perspective every culture has its own norms and values.
Cultural considerations - Hispanics
Active, concrete, problem-solving modalities are well-received. Assess acculturation
Cultural considerations - african americans
Early termination. Egalatarian relationship. Multisystems approach to working with them is recommended; family struggles should be understood in cotext of the environment and culture.
Reactance
Refusing to comply with a suggestion.
What facilitates group cohesion?
Low role consensus
Sue & Sue racial ID development model - dissonance
someone who is more comfortable with own race less with others.
Brainstorming is most effective ______
by individuals independently
Approach-avoidance conflict
occur when there is one goal or event that has both positive and negative effects or characteristics that make the goal appealing and unappealing simultaneously.
Overjustification hypothesis
Being rewarded for doing something actually diminishes intrinsic motivation to perfrom that action.
Maslow’s theory is based on the idea that needs are ___
social
Personal Construct Theory - George Kelly
People experience the world based on their anticipation of future events, which in turn is based on past exeriences.
Cuento therapy involves incorporation of:
Spanish language folktales
According to Nigresence models, the deracinated person is most likely to be in which of the following stages?
Preencounter - idealization of the dominant traditional white world view and the denigration of a black world view.
How to address the role of folk healers:
Involve the folk healer in treatment as needed.
Factors that are important in working with ethnic minority clients
Credibility and giving
What has research regarding cooperative learning classes suggested?
Cooperative learning classes are effective for low ability students, but may/may not be for high ability.
Berscheid’s research in relationships
Illustrated how features of a relationship’s exterior influences relationship satisfaction.
Effects of overcrowding
- Frequency of illness increases as density increases.
- overcrowding increases withdrawal.
- physiological arousal occurs, and the extent of arousal may depend on the person’s appraisal of controllability of the situation.
Elaboration Likelihood Model
When a persuader presents information, the persuadee takes two routes.
- Central - requires higher level elaboration. scrutinizes the message’s contents
- Peripheral - requires lower level elaboration. The user isn’t scrutinizing the message for its effectiveness. As such, other factors can influence him/her, including distractions. Looking at things at face value.
Increasing likelihood of an audience’s compliance involves:
having people discuss their own goals or how something is relevant for them.
Helm’s model of white racial identity (CDRPIA)
- Contact - Colorblind – see racial difference but don’t find it salient.
- Disintegration –Guilt and shame because of new information.
- Reintegration – “blame the victim” attitude; whites deserve their privileges.
- Pseudo-independence– Look to people of color, not themselves, to confront and uncover racism.
- Immersion – makes a genuine attempt to connect to own white-identity and not be racist
- Autonomy – clear understanding of positive connection to racial identity while pursuing social justice.
Heterosexism
Negative attitudes towards people who have homosexual orietntation
Homophobia
Negative actions towards homosexuals (discrimination)
Working with Asians
Asians are more likely to report somatic symptoms and less likely to express feelings.
Response polarization
Group members tend to hold ideas that are alike and extreme
Hostility attribution bias
a general tendency to ascribe harmful or otherwise adverse intent to the ambiguous behavior of others.
Confirmation bias
Taking into account information that supports beliefs, rejecting conflicting information.
Brain storming in small groups is associated with what
Social inhibition - reduction in productivity when in groups.
How to improve manger’s ability to receive critical feedback and integrate it?
Encourage officials to entertain contradictory views.
High SES individuals are at a higher risk of
Non-psychotic disorders
Sandra Bem’s Gender Schema Theory
Gender roles are predominantly determined by social learning.
Factor that is most likely a predictor of premature termination in african american patients?
Nature of the client’s interactions with the therapist.
Minority Marginalization
A person who neither associates with persons from his or her own culture nor with persons from the majority culture.
When trying to change the behavior of a group, what should you keep in mind?
Informal norms can play a critical role in continuing that behavior.
How does one earn idiosyncrasy credits and what are they?
- Initially conforming to group norms.
2. individual’s capacity to acceptably deviate from group expectations
