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EPPP > Developmental > Flashcards

Developmental Flashcards

1
Q

Critical periods

A

Specific time during an organism’s life span when it is most sensitive to environmental influences/stimulation.

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2
Q

Sensitive periods

A

Stimulation and learning have more of an impact than any other time point.

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3
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

Only in men. Extra X chromosome, XXY. Smaller, less intelligent, and abnormal development of sex characteristics.

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4
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

Only in women, missing X (X0). Abnormal development of secondary sexual characteristics (no menstruation/ovulation).

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5
Q

Down’s syndrome

A

3 chromosomes on chromosome 12.

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6
Q

PKU

A

Autosomal recessive disorder caused by a defective gene that affects metabolism.

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7
Q

Hemophilia

A

Excessive bleeding.

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8
Q

Sickle-cell anemia

A

Occurs primarily in african americans. Deformed, fragile red blood cells that can clog blood vessels.

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9
Q

Development of vision

A

Bad at birth. Peripheral developes from 2-10 wks. Color perception poor until 4 mo. No binocular vision until 4-5 mo.

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10
Q

Developmental milestones

A 
Lift head - 6 weeks
Roll over - 4 mo
Sit alone - 7 mo
Crawl - 9 mo
Stand - 9
Stand alone -12 mo
First steps - 12-15
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11
Q

5 stages of brain development

A
  1. Proliferation: new cells are created within the neural tube (2-3 weeks old embryo).
  2. Migration: immature neurons migrate to specific brain locations and join other neurons to form brain structures (embryo 8 wks).
  3. Differentiation: neurons take more differentiated look, developing axons/dendrites.
  4. Mylenation: Myelin forms on axons. After birth.
  5. Synaptogenesis: synapses are formed.
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12
Q

Health Belief Model

A

Focuses on how perceptions of vulnerability and beliefs about illness influence health behaviors (e.g., to what extent someone modifies diets).

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13
Q

Stages of language development

A
  1. Crying - at birth
  2. Cooing - 6-12 weeks babies begin to coo and laugh.
  3. Babbling - 6 months, consonant-vowel strings.
  4. Word comprehension - 9-10 months, babies understand words.
  5. Echolalia - deliberate imitation of sounds without comprehension.
  6. Holophrasic speech - Single word or syllable to express complete thought.
  7. Telegraphic speech - putting words together to express an idea. 18-24 mo.
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14
Q

Sapir-whorf hypothesis

A

Speakers of different laguages think differently because of the structure of their languages.

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15
Q

Piaget’s stages: Sensorimotor

A

Birth until time of significant language acquisition (age 2).

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16
Q

Sensorimotor stage - Object Permanence

A

Ability to understand that objects continue to exist independent of the child’s involvement with them.

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17
Q

Preoperational stage

A

2-7. Increased use of symbols and language.

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18
Q

Preoperational stage - Phenomenalistic causality

A

Events that occur together are thought to cause one another.

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19
Q

Preoperational stage - animism

A

endowing physical objects with psychological attributes.

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20
Q

Preoperational stage - irreversibility

A

inability to mentally undo something.

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21
Q

Concrete operational

A

7-11. Operate/act on real or imagined concrete objects.

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22
Q

Concrete operational - operational thought

A

Permits attending to a wide array of information.

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23
Q

Concrete operational - conservation

A

Ability to recognize that even though shape and form might change, objects still conserve other characteristics.

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24
Q

Formal operational stage

A

11-adolescence. Ability to apply operations to abstract concepts in addition to concrete objects.

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25
Q

Piaget’s theory of moral development

A
  1. Heteronomous morality. 5-10 y.o. Rules are decided upon by authority figures, can’t be changed, and must be followed.
  2. Autonomous morality. 10+. Flexibility. Not one unchangeable standard of right/wrong.
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26
Q

Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning

A
  1. Preconventional morality (4-10). Compliance with rules to avoid punishment/get rewards. Instrumental hedonism.
  2. Conventional morality. (10-13). Conforming to rules to get approval from others.
  3. Postconventional morality. (13+ or never). Recognition that there are sometimes conflicts between moral or socially accepted standards.
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27
Q

Carol Gilligan Approach to Morality

A

Two approaches to moral reasoning: justice and caring perspectives.

Justice: male-preferred that emphasizes fairness.
Caring: Less about justice and fairness and more about responsibilities to specific people.

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28
Q

Mahler’s 6 stages of personality development

A
  1. Normal Infantile Autism: 1st month, unaware of external world.
  2. Symbiosis: 2-4 months. Baby feels she and the mother are one.
  3. Differentiation: 5-10 months. Able to distinguish between self and other objects.
  4. Practicing: 10-16 months. Ability to physically separate the self from the mother.
  5. Rapprochement: 16-25 months. Increased need for the mother to share child’s new skills and experiences.
  6. Object Constancy: 2-3 years. Maintain the image of the mom when not present.
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29
Q

Secure attachment

A

Warm and responsive. Moderate distress when separated, but enthusiastic upon return of parent.
65%

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30
Q

Avoidant attachment

A

20%. Don’t seek closeness and contact with the mother, treat the mother like a stranger, ignores her when she returns.

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31
Q

Ambivalent attachment

A

10%. CLingy and become upset when parent leaves. Happy but ambivalent when she gets back.

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32
Q

Disorganized Attachment

A

No clear strategy in dealing with the mother. Unresponsive or avoidant when she gets back.

33
Q

Authoritarian parents

A

Expect unquestioned obedience, are demanding, and punishing. Children tend to be moody, disconnected, withdrawn, distrustful, and aggressive.

34
Q

Permissive parents

A

Value self-expression and self-regulation. Few limits. Children have poor self-control, are demanding, minimally compliant, and have poor interpersonally..

35
Q

Authoritative parents

A

Caring and availably, but firm, fair, and reasonable. Children are competent, confident, independent, and cooperative.

36
Q

Best predictor of adolescent alcohol use:

A

level of alcohol use by parents and peers

37
Q

Period of attachment during first year resembles which period?

A

sensitive period

38
Q

Humans are more/less sexually dimorphic than others?

A

Less

39
Q

Handedness preferences age vs establishment age

A

Preference: 2
establishment: 7-8

40
Q

Threats and criticism and non-contingent punishment/reinforcement leads to

A

Controlling others through coercion

41
Q

As we age what happens to intelligence?

A

Crystallized: increases
Fluid: decreases

42
Q

Aggressive and unremitting symptoms of ADHD leads to

A

Antisocial personality disorder

43
Q

Bullying is best thought of:

A

Risk factor for other violent behaviors

44
Q

Play teaches children

A

Mastery of difficult feelings

45
Q

Decalage

A

Unevenness in development

46
Q

Erikson - Infancy

0-1

A

Basic trust v. Mistrust

virtue: hope

47
Q

Erikson - Early childhood

1-3

A

Autonomy v. Shame

virtue: will

48
Q

Erikson - Early age

3-6

A

Initiative v. Guilt

Virtue: purpose

49
Q

Erikson - School Age

6-12

A

Industry v. Inferiority

Virtue: Competence

50
Q

Erikson - Adolescence

12-19

A

Identity v. Confusion

Virtue: Fidelity

51
Q

Erikson - Early Adulthood

20-25

A

Intimacy v. Isolation

Virtue: Love

52
Q

Erikson - Adulthood

26-64

A

Generativity v. stagnation

Virtue: Care

53
Q

Erikson - Old Age

A

Integrity v. Despair

Virtue: Wisdom

54
Q

Most common cause of intellectual disability is

A

Problems in the embryonic period

55
Q

Factors that contribute to altruism:

A

Inductive discipline, modeling of positive behaviors, and assignment of responsibility

56
Q

Regardijng the negative effects of divorce, research shows that:

A

Most children and adolescents tend not to suffer long-lasting negative effects.

57
Q

Key principle of montessori schools:

A

Cognitive development is enhanced by exposure to sensory-motor stimuli

58
Q

When can children begin toilet training, typically?

A

24 months

59
Q

Studies on nature of teachers’ interactions with students have shown what in regard to gender of both?

A

Gender of students, but not teacher, has an impact on the teacher’s interactions with the students

60
Q

Factors that are sources of resilience, ability to overcome adversity, and lead a positive life in childhood

A

Sociability, internal locus of control, and support outside the family

Large immediate family NOT implicated.

61
Q

Most likely outcome of fetal malnutrition is

A

Reduction in number of neurons

62
Q

Piaget’s assumption about language and thought

A

How language is used varies, and is determined by stage-related cognitive structures available.

63
Q

Piaget - centrism

A

Only looking at the world in relation to yourself

64
Q

How much time do infants spend in REM sleep relative to older adults?

A

Infants spend about 50% of sleep time in REM sleep while older adults spend less than 15% of sleep time in REM sleep.

65
Q

Gender role development stages

A

Gender roles –> gender constancy –> gender identity

66
Q

Primary caregiver for Alzheimer’s patient

A

Child

67
Q

Rosenthal effect

A

situation in which an investigator’s expectations about the outcome of a given study unwittingly affect the actual study outcome.

68
Q

Factor associated most with autism spectrum

A

Biogenetic factors

69
Q

When do parents begin treating boys/girls differently?

A

Birth

70
Q

Deep dyslexia

A

This injury results in the occurrence of semantic errors during reading and the impairment of nonword reading. EX: reading couch instead of chair.

71
Q

elderly people have more difficulties with retrieval than encoding. What would support that

A

Doing better on recognition vs recall.

72
Q

Equifinality vs Multifinality

A

Equifinality refers to the observation that in any open system a diversity of pathways may lead to the same outcome.

Multifinality suggests that any one component may function differently depending on the organization of the system in which it operates.

73
Q

Self-in-Relation theory

A

Women develop a sense of self through relationships with others.

74
Q

Pre-adolescent sibling relationships are characterized by _______/________

A

Conflict/friendship

75
Q

Age at which it is most difficult for a child to be separated from their mother?

A

10-16 months

76
Q

Over-extension

A

the tendency of very young children to extend the use of a word beyond the scope of its specific meaning, such as by referring to all animals as “doggie.

77
Q

Underextension

A

This is a common semantic error made by children. It occurs when a word is given a narrower meaning that it has in adult language.

E.g. Only use the word ‘dog’ for the family dog, not any other dogs.

78
Q

What predicts sexual behavior in older ages?

A

Availability of partners.

79
Q

Centration

A

Since young children can’t conserve, they focus on the most salient aspect of a stimulus.

EPPP (12 decks)

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