Developmental Flashcards
Critical periods
Specific time during an organism’s life span when it is most sensitive to environmental influences/stimulation.
Sensitive periods
Stimulation and learning have more of an impact than any other time point.
Klinefelter’s syndrome
Only in men. Extra X chromosome, XXY. Smaller, less intelligent, and abnormal development of sex characteristics.
Turner’s syndrome
Only in women, missing X (X0). Abnormal development of secondary sexual characteristics (no menstruation/ovulation).
Down’s syndrome
3 chromosomes on chromosome 12.
PKU
Autosomal recessive disorder caused by a defective gene that affects metabolism.
Hemophilia
Excessive bleeding.
Sickle-cell anemia
Occurs primarily in african americans. Deformed, fragile red blood cells that can clog blood vessels.
Development of vision
Bad at birth. Peripheral developes from 2-10 wks. Color perception poor until 4 mo. No binocular vision until 4-5 mo.
Developmental milestones
Lift head - 6 weeks Roll over - 4 mo Sit alone - 7 mo Crawl - 9 mo Stand - 9 Stand alone -12 mo First steps - 12-15
5 stages of brain development
- Proliferation: new cells are created within the neural tube (2-3 weeks old embryo).
- Migration: immature neurons migrate to specific brain locations and join other neurons to form brain structures (embryo 8 wks).
- Differentiation: neurons take more differentiated look, developing axons/dendrites.
- Mylenation: Myelin forms on axons. After birth.
- Synaptogenesis: synapses are formed.
Health Belief Model
Focuses on how perceptions of vulnerability and beliefs about illness influence health behaviors (e.g., to what extent someone modifies diets).
Stages of language development
- Crying - at birth
- Cooing - 6-12 weeks babies begin to coo and laugh.
- Babbling - 6 months, consonant-vowel strings.
- Word comprehension - 9-10 months, babies understand words.
- Echolalia - deliberate imitation of sounds without comprehension.
- Holophrasic speech - Single word or syllable to express complete thought.
- Telegraphic speech - putting words together to express an idea. 18-24 mo.
Sapir-whorf hypothesis
Speakers of different laguages think differently because of the structure of their languages.
Piaget’s stages: Sensorimotor
Birth until time of significant language acquisition (age 2).
Sensorimotor stage - Object Permanence
Ability to understand that objects continue to exist independent of the child’s involvement with them.
Preoperational stage
2-7. Increased use of symbols and language.
Preoperational stage - Phenomenalistic causality
Events that occur together are thought to cause one another.
Preoperational stage - animism
endowing physical objects with psychological attributes.
Preoperational stage - irreversibility
inability to mentally undo something.
Concrete operational
7-11. Operate/act on real or imagined concrete objects.
Concrete operational - operational thought
Permits attending to a wide array of information.
Concrete operational - conservation
Ability to recognize that even though shape and form might change, objects still conserve other characteristics.
Formal operational stage
11-adolescence. Ability to apply operations to abstract concepts in addition to concrete objects.
Piaget’s theory of moral development
- Heteronomous morality. 5-10 y.o. Rules are decided upon by authority figures, can’t be changed, and must be followed.
- Autonomous morality. 10+. Flexibility. Not one unchangeable standard of right/wrong.
Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
- Preconventional morality (4-10). Compliance with rules to avoid punishment/get rewards. Instrumental hedonism.
- Conventional morality. (10-13). Conforming to rules to get approval from others.
- Postconventional morality. (13+ or never). Recognition that there are sometimes conflicts between moral or socially accepted standards.
Carol Gilligan Approach to Morality
Two approaches to moral reasoning: justice and caring perspectives.
Justice: male-preferred that emphasizes fairness.
Caring: Less about justice and fairness and more about responsibilities to specific people.
Mahler’s 6 stages of personality development
- Normal Infantile Autism: 1st month, unaware of external world.
- Symbiosis: 2-4 months. Baby feels she and the mother are one.
- Differentiation: 5-10 months. Able to distinguish between self and other objects.
- Practicing: 10-16 months. Ability to physically separate the self from the mother.
- Rapprochement: 16-25 months. Increased need for the mother to share child’s new skills and experiences.
- Object Constancy: 2-3 years. Maintain the image of the mom when not present.
Secure attachment
Warm and responsive. Moderate distress when separated, but enthusiastic upon return of parent.
65%
Avoidant attachment
20%. Don’t seek closeness and contact with the mother, treat the mother like a stranger, ignores her when she returns.
Ambivalent attachment
10%. CLingy and become upset when parent leaves. Happy but ambivalent when she gets back.
Disorganized Attachment
No clear strategy in dealing with the mother. Unresponsive or avoidant when she gets back.
Authoritarian parents
Expect unquestioned obedience, are demanding, and punishing. Children tend to be moody, disconnected, withdrawn, distrustful, and aggressive.
Permissive parents
Value self-expression and self-regulation. Few limits. Children have poor self-control, are demanding, minimally compliant, and have poor interpersonally..
Authoritative parents
Caring and availably, but firm, fair, and reasonable. Children are competent, confident, independent, and cooperative.
Best predictor of adolescent alcohol use:
level of alcohol use by parents and peers
Period of attachment during first year resembles which period?
sensitive period
Humans are more/less sexually dimorphic than others?
Less
Handedness preferences age vs establishment age
Preference: 2
establishment: 7-8
Threats and criticism and non-contingent punishment/reinforcement leads to
Controlling others through coercion
As we age what happens to intelligence?
Crystallized: increases
Fluid: decreases
Aggressive and unremitting symptoms of ADHD leads to
Antisocial personality disorder
Bullying is best thought of:
Risk factor for other violent behaviors
Play teaches children
Mastery of difficult feelings
Decalage
Unevenness in development
Erikson - Infancy
0-1
Basic trust v. Mistrust
virtue: hope
Erikson - Early childhood
1-3
Autonomy v. Shame
virtue: will
Erikson - Early age
3-6
Initiative v. Guilt
Virtue: purpose
Erikson - School Age
6-12
Industry v. Inferiority
Virtue: Competence
Erikson - Adolescence
12-19
Identity v. Confusion
Virtue: Fidelity
Erikson - Early Adulthood
20-25
Intimacy v. Isolation
Virtue: Love
Erikson - Adulthood
26-64
Generativity v. stagnation
Virtue: Care
Erikson - Old Age
Integrity v. Despair
Virtue: Wisdom
Most common cause of intellectual disability is
Problems in the embryonic period
Factors that contribute to altruism:
Inductive discipline, modeling of positive behaviors, and assignment of responsibility
Regardijng the negative effects of divorce, research shows that:
Most children and adolescents tend not to suffer long-lasting negative effects.
Key principle of montessori schools:
Cognitive development is enhanced by exposure to sensory-motor stimuli
When can children begin toilet training, typically?
24 months
Studies on nature of teachers’ interactions with students have shown what in regard to gender of both?
Gender of students, but not teacher, has an impact on the teacher’s interactions with the students
Factors that are sources of resilience, ability to overcome adversity, and lead a positive life in childhood
Sociability, internal locus of control, and support outside the family
Large immediate family NOT implicated.
Most likely outcome of fetal malnutrition is
Reduction in number of neurons
Piaget’s assumption about language and thought
How language is used varies, and is determined by stage-related cognitive structures available.
Piaget - centrism
Only looking at the world in relation to yourself
How much time do infants spend in REM sleep relative to older adults?
Infants spend about 50% of sleep time in REM sleep while older adults spend less than 15% of sleep time in REM sleep.
Gender role development stages
Gender roles –> gender constancy –> gender identity
Primary caregiver for Alzheimer’s patient
Child
Rosenthal effect
situation in which an investigator’s expectations about the outcome of a given study unwittingly affect the actual study outcome.
Factor associated most with autism spectrum
Biogenetic factors
When do parents begin treating boys/girls differently?
Birth
Deep dyslexia
This injury results in the occurrence of semantic errors during reading and the impairment of nonword reading. EX: reading couch instead of chair.
elderly people have more difficulties with retrieval than encoding. What would support that
Doing better on recognition vs recall.
Equifinality vs Multifinality
Equifinality refers to the observation that in any open system a diversity of pathways may lead to the same outcome.
Multifinality suggests that any one component may function differently depending on the organization of the system in which it operates.
Self-in-Relation theory
Women develop a sense of self through relationships with others.
Pre-adolescent sibling relationships are characterized by _______/________
Conflict/friendship
Age at which it is most difficult for a child to be separated from their mother?
10-16 months
Over-extension
the tendency of very young children to extend the use of a word beyond the scope of its specific meaning, such as by referring to all animals as “doggie.
Underextension
This is a common semantic error made by children. It occurs when a word is given a narrower meaning that it has in adult language.
E.g. Only use the word ‘dog’ for the family dog, not any other dogs.
What predicts sexual behavior in older ages?
Availability of partners.
Centration
Since young children can’t conserve, they focus on the most salient aspect of a stimulus.
