Developmental Flashcards
Critical periods
Specific time during an organism’s life span when it is most sensitive to environmental influences/stimulation.
Sensitive periods
Stimulation and learning have more of an impact than any other time point.
Klinefelter’s syndrome
Only in men. Extra X chromosome, XXY. Smaller, less intelligent, and abnormal development of sex characteristics.
Turner’s syndrome
Only in women, missing X (X0). Abnormal development of secondary sexual characteristics (no menstruation/ovulation).
Down’s syndrome
3 chromosomes on chromosome 12.
PKU
Autosomal recessive disorder caused by a defective gene that affects metabolism.
Hemophilia
Excessive bleeding.
Sickle-cell anemia
Occurs primarily in african americans. Deformed, fragile red blood cells that can clog blood vessels.
Development of vision
Bad at birth. Peripheral developes from 2-10 wks. Color perception poor until 4 mo. No binocular vision until 4-5 mo.
Developmental milestones
Lift head - 6 weeks Roll over - 4 mo Sit alone - 7 mo Crawl - 9 mo Stand - 9 Stand alone -12 mo First steps - 12-15
5 stages of brain development
- Proliferation: new cells are created within the neural tube (2-3 weeks old embryo).
- Migration: immature neurons migrate to specific brain locations and join other neurons to form brain structures (embryo 8 wks).
- Differentiation: neurons take more differentiated look, developing axons/dendrites.
- Mylenation: Myelin forms on axons. After birth.
- Synaptogenesis: synapses are formed.
Health Belief Model
Focuses on how perceptions of vulnerability and beliefs about illness influence health behaviors (e.g., to what extent someone modifies diets).
Stages of language development
- Crying - at birth
- Cooing - 6-12 weeks babies begin to coo and laugh.
- Babbling - 6 months, consonant-vowel strings.
- Word comprehension - 9-10 months, babies understand words.
- Echolalia - deliberate imitation of sounds without comprehension.
- Holophrasic speech - Single word or syllable to express complete thought.
- Telegraphic speech - putting words together to express an idea. 18-24 mo.
Sapir-whorf hypothesis
Speakers of different laguages think differently because of the structure of their languages.
Piaget’s stages: Sensorimotor
Birth until time of significant language acquisition (age 2).
Sensorimotor stage - Object Permanence
Ability to understand that objects continue to exist independent of the child’s involvement with them.
Preoperational stage
2-7. Increased use of symbols and language.
Preoperational stage - Phenomenalistic causality
Events that occur together are thought to cause one another.
Preoperational stage - animism
endowing physical objects with psychological attributes.
Preoperational stage - irreversibility
inability to mentally undo something.
Concrete operational
7-11. Operate/act on real or imagined concrete objects.
Concrete operational - operational thought
Permits attending to a wide array of information.
Concrete operational - conservation
Ability to recognize that even though shape and form might change, objects still conserve other characteristics.
Formal operational stage
11-adolescence. Ability to apply operations to abstract concepts in addition to concrete objects.