Learning Flashcards
Unconditioned Reflex involves:
Unconditioned Stimulus evokes an unconditioned response. They are inborn/require no learning.
Classical conditioning
learning that involves pairing different stimuli together with a response.
explains automatic behavior.
Unconditioned stimulus
the stimulus that yields the response naturally (unconditioned reflex)
Conditioned stimulus
stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus to yield response
Difference between conditioned response (CR) and unconditioned response (UR)
CR requires learning. Also CR is of less magnitude than UR.
Trace conditioning
CS precedes US and stops right before US.
Temporal conditioning
US is presented repeatedly at a consistent time interval.
Simultaneous conditioning
US and CS overlap completely. Not actually conditioning since always together.
Backward conditioning
US precedes the CS.
Stimulus generalization
AUTOMATIC.
subject automatically generalizes from a conditioned stimulus to other similar stimuli (Little Albert being afraid of every white animal as opposed to just rats)
Higher-order conditioning
DELIBERATE.
Conditioning involving two conditioned stimuli. So it goes: US + CS1 -> CR, to, CS1 + CS2 –> CR; CS2 –> CR
Extinction
Unlearning of the conditioning. Due to CS no longer being paired with US after a while.
Spontaneous recovery
the CR to the CS might reappear briefly and spontaneously after extinction.
Stimulus discrimination
learning to discriminate between two similar neutral stimuli.
Peudoconditioning
accidental conditioning.
habituation
becoming accustomed to and less responsive to an US after repeated exposure.
operant conditioning
Explains voluntary behavior and involves changing behavior as a result of reward and/or punishment.
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
Behaviors are initially emitted at random. Behaviors followed by rewards become stronger and more frequent, while punishments result in less frequent behaviors.
Reinforcement // Punishment
Always increases behavior // decreases behavior
Positive // Negative
Added // Removed
Negative reinforcement
Something negative is removed (relief)
Positive reinforcement
Something positive is introduced (reward)
Negative punishment
Something good is taken away (loss)
Positive punishment
Something bad is introduced (pain)
Continuous Reinforcement
Reinforcing every time the behavior occurs
Fixed interval schedule
reinforcement occurs the first time the behavior is emitted after a time interval has elapsed. (e.g., every 30 seconds). Low rates initially, increases a lot later.
Variable interval
Time of reinforcement is variable (every 20-40 seconds). Moderate rate.
Fixed ratio
Reinforcement occurs after a certain, unchanging number of responses. (every 500 envelopes). Moderate to high response rates.
Variable ratio
reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses. (jackpot/slot machine). High rates of responding and greatest resistance to extinction.
Operant extinction
Ceasing to reinforce the behavior that was previously reinforced.
Stimulus generalization
Subject begins to emit the target behavior in the presence of a similar stimuli but not the exact discriminative stimulus.
Premack principle
AKA Grandma’s rule. High frequency behavior (something someone wants to do) is used to reinforce a low frequency behavior (something someone doesn’t care to do).
Eat your veggies and you can have a FAT cookie.
Social Learning Theory
Learning occurs through observation and modeling of behavior.
We don’t learn things because of reinforcement, rather we do things because of the anticipation of reinforcement.
Reciprocal Determinism
One’s self, their behavior, and their environment regulates their behavior.
Thorndike’s law of effect
Behavior can be learned but will only be exhibited at a later time when the behavior is reinforced.
Kohler’s instrumental learning
You can teach behaviors by conditioning them by consequences.
DRO
Differential reinforcement. Delivering reinforcement whenever the problem behavior does not occur during a predetermined amount of time.
Extinction Burst
Return back to the behavior after extinction occurred.
What increases probability that material encoded into STM will be committed to LTM?
Rehearsal
An observer watches a student attempt a series of 30 difficult multiple-choice questions. The student is successful on 15 of the questions. The observer is most likely to consider the student capable if:
the successes come mostly at the beginning of the series.
Yerkes-Dodson law
It proposes that you reach your peak level of performance with an intermediate level of stress, or arousal. Too little or too much arousal results in poorer performance. This is also known as the inverted-U model of arousal.
Difference between extinction and habituation
Extinction involves repeated exposure to a CS until it no longer elicits the CR. Habituation also doesn’t happen in conditioning.
Theorist associated with parenting using natural, logical consequence and a focus on goals of misbehavior
Adler
Mediated Generalization
a type of stimulus generalization in which a conditioned response is elicited by a new stimulus that is notably different from, but in some way associated with, the original conditioned stimulus.
Feature of speech that is remembered best by listeners
Semantic information
Respondent conditioning
ANOTHER NAME FOR CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
