Social and Emotional Development - Test #2

Question 1

Preferences for faces

Answer 1

• by 3 days old, infants can distinguish between faces and non-faces.
• by 2.5 years old, babies social reasoning capacity is better than adult chimpanzees.

Question 2

Attachment

Answer 2

the strong tie we feel for special people in our lives, that leads us to feel pleasure when we interact with them and to be comforted in times of stress.

Question 3

Attachment provides

Answer 3

physical security:
- safety, shelter, food

psychological security:
- belief that our needs will be met

• sense of world as predictable & reliable.

Question 4

John Bowlby

Answer 4

• developed attachment.

- concerned with why and how infants build relationships with parents.

Question 5

Separation anxiety

Answer 5

• a pattern of distress that young children experience when left alone by their secure attachment.
• is consistent across cultures.

Question 6

Imprinting

Answer 6

refers to the process by which very young animals fixate on some person/object for social connectedness.

Question 7

Ultimate cause

Answer 7

explains why attachment is adaptive.

Question 8

Proximate cause

Answer 8

explains what’s going on in one’s environment that leads people to attach

Question 9

Behaviourist “cupboard” theory

Answer 9

suggests that attachment is a form of “cupboard love” as the mother is only loved because she satisfies her infant’s needs.

Question 10

Transitional objects

Answer 10

objects that provide contact comfort.

ex: teddy bear, baby blanket

Question 11

Secure base

Answer 11

We use our caregivers as a foundation in which to explore the world.

Question 12

Harry Harlow

Answer 12

• showed that young monkeys given an option to cling to a cloth mother or a wire mother show a preference for the cloth mother (regardless of which mother it received food from).
• monkeys deprived from their mothers experienced developmental challenges.

Question 13

Romanian orphans

Answer 13

• Romanian children were placed into institutions where their physical needs were met but attachment was absent.
• Resulted in developmental problems, including in their social, motor, and intellectual growth.

Question 14

Contact comfort

Answer 14

• refers to the physical and emotional comfort that an infant receives from being in physical contact with its mother.
• demonstrated by Harlow

Question 15

Relationship privation

Answer 15

when basic nutritional/medical needs are met, but children are deprived of social interaction.

Question 16

The Strange Situation Test (Mary Ainsworth)

Answer 16

Studies:
1.) Separation anxiety: the unease the infant shows when left by the caregiver.

2. ) The infant’s willingness to explore.
3. ) Stranger anxiety: the infant’s response to the presence of a stranger.
4. ) Reunion behaviour: the way the caregiver was greeted on return.

Question 17

SST - securely attached response

Answer 17

Treat the attachment figure as a source of security and safety.

1. ) secure base: explores when mother is present.
2. ) separation: upset when mother leaves.
3. ) reunion: calms down and greets mother positively when she returns.

Question 18

SST - avoidant response

Answer 18

Treat the attachment figure as irrelevant.

1. ) secure base: uninterested in exploring the strange environment.
2. ) separation: shows little distress when mother leaves.
3. ) reunion: shows little interest when mother returns.

Question 19

SST - resistant/ambivalent response

Answer 19

Treat the attachment figure as unreliable source of safety.

1. ) secure base: reluctant to explore, anxious.
2. ) separation: very upset when mother leaves.
3. ) reunion: continues to be upset when mother returns and may seek but then reject contact.

Question 20

SST - disorganized/disoriented response

Answer 20

Treat the attachment figure in inconsistent ways

1. ) secure base: not consistent in behaviours.
2. ) separation: no consistent way of coping.
3. ) reunion: often appear dazed or disoriented.

Question 21

Internal Working Model of Attachment

Answer 21

• mental schema that represents the self, attachment figures, and relationships in general.

Question 22

Attachment influences

Answer 22

• basic trust
• social and intellectual skills
• emotional stability
• adult relationships

Question 23

Oxytocin

Answer 23

• impacts attachment in female caregivers.

- female virgin rats injected show increasing maternal behaviours.

Question 24

Testosterone

Answer 24

• higher levels of testosterone in men = higher likeliness of becoming a dad.
• testosterone levels decrease after child is born.

Question 25

Visual looming

Answer 25

• a problem with visual perception that causes people to inaccurately think that a stationary object is moving towards them, and might poke their eyes.
• young infants can identify this signal of potential threat.

Question 26

Study on moral evaluation & infants

Answer 26

• showed that by 6-months of age, infants can distinguish between morally good and bad behaviours (i.e., helping versus hindering others).
• they show a preference for helpers over hinderers.

Question 27

SSt response styles

Answer 27

1. ) securely attached
2. ) avoidant
3. ) ambivalent/resistant
4. ) disorganized