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PSY202 > Personality - Test #2 > Flashcards

Personality - Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Delay of Gratification

A

refers to a person’s ability to resist the temptation of a smaller reward in order to get a larger reward later.

  • appears to be stable.
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2
Q

Personality

A

an individual’s characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behaviour, together with the biological, psychological and social mechanisms behind those patterns.

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3
Q

Study on Delay gratification

A
  • showed that the ability for young children to delay gratification predicts life outcomes many years later
    ex: SAT scores and behaviour problems, i.e drug abuse.
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4
Q

Freud

A
  • argues that the mind consists of an unconscious dimension that houses distressing and taboo urges.
  • the manner by which the individual relates to these impulses determines one’s personality.
  • his theories cannot be falsified.
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5
Q

Glove Anaesthesia

A
  • people report that they cannot feel anything below a certain point on their arm.
  • Freud suggested psychological treatment (hypnotized them and let them talk).
  • this resolved hysteria in many cases.
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6
Q

Unconscious mind (Freud)

A
  • contains primitive, irrational activity.

- can be inferred through interpreting dreams.

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7
Q

Hysteria

A

physician finds physical symptoms, such as loss of sensation in a part of the body but no physical cause

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8
Q

Freudian Slips

A
  • unconscious mental content can involuntarily leak out through verbal slips of the tongue.
  • not accidental
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9
Q

Examples of unconscious desire

A

Oedipus complex: male attraction towards mother.

Electra complex: female attraction towards father.

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10
Q

Freud’s Legacy

A
  • brought unconscious mind into mainstream psychological & public discourse.
  • highlighted the role of childhood experiences in psychological development.
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11
Q

Factor Analysis

A

a type of statistical procedure that is conducted to identify groups of related items

ex: the big 5

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12
Q

The Big Five

A
  1. ) Openness
  2. ) Conscientiousness
  3. ) Extraversion
  4. ) Agreeableness
  5. ) Neuroticism
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13
Q

Openness

A
  • is original
  • is curious
  • is a deep thinker
  • has an active imagination
  • doesn’t need routine
  • has artistic interest
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14
Q

Conscientiousness

A
  • does things efficiently
  • is a reliable worker
  • make plans and follows through
  • is not careless
  • is organized
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15
Q

Extraversion

A
  • sociability
  • activity
  • liveliness
  • excitability
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16
Q

Agreeableness

A
  • helpful and unselfish
  • forgiving nature
  • generally trusting
  • likes to cooperate with others
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17
Q

Neuroticism (emotional stability)

A
  • is depressed
  • can be tense
  • worries a lot
  • can be moody
  • gets nervous easily
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18
Q

Personality & Obedience

A

study found that people who are conscientious & agreeable were most likely to deliver final shock in Millgram’s experiment.

19
Q

Personality & Politics

A

liberal = openness to experience

conservative = conscientiousness

20
Q

Is personality hereditary?

A

identical twins have greater similarity in a specific trait than fraternal twin who share 50% of genes.

21
Q

Heritability

A

the percent of variance in individual difference that are due to genetic differences.

22
Q

Parental Investment Theory

A

the larger the difference in parental investment between the sexes, the greater the difference in sexual selectivity.

  • women will be more picky about their sexual partners than men (because there is more risk).
23
Q

Different types of behaviours within love

A
  1. ) attraction
  2. ) attachment
  3. ) maintenance
24
Q

“Attraction is Average” hypothesis

A

argues that faces which are mathematically close to the average are generally more attractive than the individual faces that constructed the average.

25
Q

One explanation for “Attraction is Average” hypothesis

A

mere exposure effect —> simply being more exposed to a stimulus leads to increased liking.

26
Q

Research on “Attraction is Average” hypothesis & mere exposure

A

shows that neural measures of arousal to facial attractiveness tends to increase with repeated presentations of faces.

27
Q

Natural Selection and Attraction

A

males —> attracted to cues of female fertility. (can identify when females are at peak fertility)

females —> attracted to good genes and mates who will help rear offspring.

28
Q

Dual- mating strategy

A

argues that women tend to shift their preferences for mates across the ovulation cycle.

  • when women approach peak fertility they show greater preference for stereotypically masculine traits.
29
Q

Basics of Evolution

A
  1. ) variation
  2. ) competition
  3. ) heredity
30
Q

Attachment Styles theory

A

theory that one’s interactions with caregivers in childhood helps establish mental models of relationships that influence romantic attachment patterns later in life.

31
Q

What do women want?

A
  1. ) find a mate with good genes (survival/reproduction ability).
  2. ) Find a mate who can help raise offspring (willingness to invest).
32
Q

Passionate love

A

finding comfort in a person.

33
Q

Companiate love

A

knowing a person intimately/deeply.

34
Q

Secure attachment style

A

characterized by trust, a lack of concern over being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well-liked.

35
Q

Anxious/ambivalent attachment style

A

characterized by a concern that others will not reciprocate one’s desire for intimacy, resulting in higher than average levels of anxiety .

36
Q

Avoidant attachment style

A

characterized by a suppression of attachment needs, because attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed in the past.

37
Q

Prairie Voles

A
  • monogamous

- rare in animal kingdom

38
Q

Montane/meadow voles

A

polygamous

39
Q

Partner Preference Test

A
  • two animals mate for a short period of time.
  • one partner is led to choose between spending time with the former mating partner, a new partner, or alone.
  • proportion of time that an animal decides to spend with the former partner (vs other scenarios) measures attachment.
40
Q

Prairie vs Montane in PPT

A
  • prairie spends most of the time with partner huddling.

- montane spends most of the time alone.

41
Q

Vasopressin

A

involved in male-typical behaviour such as scent marking of territory, paternal care and psychical aggression.

42
Q

Injecting vasopressin

A
  • accelerates pair-bonding in male prairie roles.

- injecting vasopressin antagonists prevent pair-bonding.

43
Q

Dopamine

A
  • almost no difference in dopamine levels between prairies and montanes.
  • greater density of vasopressin receptors in the dopamine-reward pathway in monogamous roles.
  • blocking dopamine signalling reduces pair-bond formation.
44
Q

Parental Investment

A

the amount of investment a parent makes in offspring.

PSY202 (10 decks)

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