Social and Cultural Diversity

Question 1

Culture

Answer 1

Human experience mediated by psychological, biological, political, and historical events at different levels (universal, group, individual)

Question 2

Culutrual encapsualtion

Answer 2

Treating and evaluating from the dominant cultural P.O.V.
-bound by culture/time in order to avoid change

Question 3

Multiculturalism

Answer 3

-Recognizing and appreciating diversity while incorporating cultural considerations into the counseling process
-Understanding and respecting values, beliefs, and experiences
-Aware of influence of cultural factors on worldview and presenting concerns
-Choosing interventions that are relevant and sensitive to cultural context

Question 4

Tripartite Model

Answer 4

(Multicultural counseling)
1. Knowledge
2. Skills
3. Awareness

Question 5

Etic

Answer 5

Universal point of view

Question 6

Emic

Answer 6

Client’s cultural perspective
(Hint*****E-M=I AM)

Question 7

Acculturation

Answer 7

Adjusting to/adopting the cultural practices and values of a new/different culture

Question 8

Cultural assimilation

Answer 8

Giving up of own cultural identity to conform to the dominant culture

Question 9

Race vs Ethnicity

Answer 9

Race=physical characteristics
social/political classification based on
biology/genentics

Ethnicity=people who identify with a group depending on similar social/cultural backgrounds

Question 10

Horns

Answer 10

Rater bias
One negative attribute of an individual causes the supervisor to rate everything about the individual more negatively.

Question 11

Social distance scale (Bogardus)

Answer 11

Measures an individuals willingness to connect socially with different groups depending on their social closeness to someone from that group

Question 12

Harmony ethic

Answer 12

Historically guides Native American populations in their values of communal contribution and cooperation as a way of keeping balance both within themselves and in the world around them

Question 13

Daniel Levinson-CONTROVERSIAL stage-crisis view theory

Answer 13

Season’s of a Man’s Life/Season’s of a Woman’s Life

Men midlife crisis=age 40-45
Women=5 yrs earlier

CONTROVERSIAL-no statistical analysis, biased against women (fulfillment comes from meeting the needs of husband and family/no long term goals)

Question 14

propinquity

Answer 14

the tendency for people who are in close proximity (living close/working in same space) to be attracted to each other

Question 15

reciprocity of attraction or liking

matching hypothesis

Answer 15

suggests we are attracted to people who like us and find us attractive

long term relationships-we pick a partner who roughly matches our level of attractiveness

Question 16

Dollard/Miller frustration-aggression theory

Answer 16

frustration occurs when an individual is blocked and they cannot reach an intended goal/goal is removed

frustration leads to aggression

Question 17

Festinger Cognitive Consistency/Balance Theory

Answer 17

People strive for consistency/balance in terms of their belief systems

Individuals attempt to reduce or eliminate inconsistent or incompatible actions and beliefs

dissonance/form of denial ex: i’d rather smoke and be happy then quit and live longer

Question 18

mores/mos

Answer 18

beliefs and social customs regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior

breaking mores causes harm to others and threatens the existence of the group

Question 19

folkways

Answer 19

similar to mores, describes correct, normal, or habitual behavior BUT breaking folkways results in just embarrassment

Question 20

Frank Parsons

Answer 20

father of guidance

first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues

wrote “Choosing a Vocation”

Question 21

social conformity expectations

Answer 21

we demand MORE rigid standards from our OWN culture

Question 22

alloplastic
vs
autoplastic

Answer 22

alloplastic=client can cope by changing or altering external factors in the environment

autoplastic=change comes from the self (thoughts and behaviors)

Question 23

personalism

Answer 23

all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands

counselor will make the best progress if they see the client primarily as a person who has learned a set of survival skills rather than as a diseased patient

Question 24

sleeper effect (social psychology)

Answer 24

after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message

when you are attempting to change someone’s opinion, the change may not immediatley occur after the change-DELAY

Question 25

Stanley Milgram- psychologist

Answer 25

obedience and authority

discovered that people who were told to give others powerful electric shocks did so on command

Question 26

salad bowl model of diversity

Answer 26

people are mixed together but retain their unique cultural identity

Question 27

Robbers’ Cave Experiment (Muzafer Sherif)

Answer 27

the most effective way to reduce hostility between groups was to give them an alternative, a superordinate goal (cooperative goal) which required a joint effort and could not be accomplished by a single group

Question 28

who are most likely to engage in introspection?

Answer 28

clients in higher social classes have more time to “look within themselves” since they need not dwell as mush on external survival needs