Social and Cultural Diversity Flashcards
Culture
Human experience mediated by psychological, biological, political, and historical events at different levels (universal, group, individual)
Culutrual encapsualtion
Treating and evaluating from the dominant cultural P.O.V.
-bound by culture/time in order to avoid change
Multiculturalism
-Recognizing and appreciating diversity while incorporating cultural considerations into the counseling process
-Understanding and respecting values, beliefs, and experiences
-Aware of influence of cultural factors on worldview and presenting concerns
-Choosing interventions that are relevant and sensitive to cultural context
Tripartite Model
(Multicultural counseling)
1. Knowledge
2. Skills
3. Awareness
Etic
Universal point of view
Emic
Client’s cultural perspective
(Hint*****E-M=I AM)
Acculturation
Adjusting to/adopting the cultural practices and values of a new/different culture
Cultural assimilation
Giving up of own cultural identity to conform to the dominant culture
Race vs Ethnicity
Race=physical characteristics
social/political classification based on
biology/genentics
Ethnicity=people who identify with a group depending on similar social/cultural backgrounds
Horns
Rater bias
One negative attribute of an individual causes the supervisor to rate everything about the individual more negatively.
Social distance scale (Bogardus)
Measures an individuals willingness to connect socially with different groups depending on their social closeness to someone from that group
Harmony ethic
Historically guides Native American populations in their values of communal contribution and cooperation as a way of keeping balance both within themselves and in the world around them
Daniel Levinson-CONTROVERSIAL stage-crisis view theory
Season’s of a Man’s Life/Season’s of a Woman’s Life
Men midlife crisis=age 40-45
Women=5 yrs earlier
CONTROVERSIAL-no statistical analysis, biased against women (fulfillment comes from meeting the needs of husband and family/no long term goals)
propinquity
the tendency for people who are in close proximity (living close/working in same space) to be attracted to each other
reciprocity of attraction or liking
matching hypothesis
suggests we are attracted to people who like us and find us attractive
long term relationships-we pick a partner who roughly matches our level of attractiveness
Dollard/Miller frustration-aggression theory
frustration occurs when an individual is blocked and they cannot reach an intended goal/goal is removed
frustration leads to aggression
Festinger Cognitive Consistency/Balance Theory
People strive for consistency/balance in terms of their belief systems
Individuals attempt to reduce or eliminate inconsistent or incompatible actions and beliefs
dissonance/form of denial ex: i’d rather smoke and be happy then quit and live longer
mores/mos
beliefs and social customs regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior
breaking mores causes harm to others and threatens the existence of the group
folkways
similar to mores, describes correct, normal, or habitual behavior BUT breaking folkways results in just embarrassment
Frank Parsons
father of guidance
first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues
wrote “Choosing a Vocation”
social conformity expectations
we demand MORE rigid standards from our OWN culture
alloplastic
vs
autoplastic
alloplastic=client can cope by changing or altering external factors in the environment
autoplastic=change comes from the self (thoughts and behaviors)
personalism
all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands
counselor will make the best progress if they see the client primarily as a person who has learned a set of survival skills rather than as a diseased patient
sleeper effect (social psychology)
after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message
when you are attempting to change someone’s opinion, the change may not immediatley occur after the change-DELAY
Stanley Milgram- psychologist
obedience and authority
discovered that people who were told to give others powerful electric shocks did so on command
salad bowl model of diversity
people are mixed together but retain their unique cultural identity
Robbers’ Cave Experiment (Muzafer Sherif)
the most effective way to reduce hostility between groups was to give them an alternative, a superordinate goal (cooperative goal) which required a joint effort and could not be accomplished by a single group
who are most likely to engage in introspection?
clients in higher social classes have more time to “look within themselves” since they need not dwell as mush on external survival needs
