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NCE > Helping Relationships > Flashcards

Helping Relationships Flashcards

1
Q

Rogerian (Client/person-centered/nondirective)

A

*individual is good and moves toward growth and self-actualization

-Mirroring
-No judgement
-Counselor=facilitator to clearer self-understanding
-Positive outlook
-Mutual Respect
-I-thou (relationship is horizontal)
-puts little stock in the formal process of diagnosis and psychological assessment / would treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the same principles

-3 factors needed for an effective helping climate
counselor’s attitude must include:
1. genuineness/congruence
2. unconditional positive regard/ non-
possessive warmth
3. empathic understanding

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2
Q

Interpersonal Therapy

A

Most effective for depressive episodes associated with specific situations

Focus on issue/conflict and develop specific goals

FOCUS on problem and concrete feelings not abstract feelings

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3
Q

Transactional Analysis (Berne)

A

*messages learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or bad, though intervention can change the script

Cognitive Model of Therapy

Personality=3 ego states
1. parent (values internalized from significant others in childhood-nurturing vs critical parent)
(the conscience/ego state concerned with moral behavior)
nurturing parent and critical parent

  1. adult (process facts with no focus on feelings)
  2. child (natural child- spontaneous, impulsive, creative/intuitive)
    natural child- spontaneous, impulsive
    little professor- curious, intuitive
    adapted child- knows how to comply

messages receive from parents to form ego states= injunctions

describing client using P-A-C conceptualization = structural analysis

healthy communication transactions occur when vectors of communication run parallel - get appropriate predicted responses

games = transaction with concealed motive

when a client manipulates others to experience a childhood/unpleasant feeling=racket

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4
Q

Dream Analysis (Freudian psychoanalysis)

A

Dreams contain information about unconscious thoughts and conflicts that can be useful when treating a client

“Manifest content” = conscious or remembered parts/surface meaning

“Latent content” = unconscious or not remembered/hidden meaning

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5
Q

Reality Therapy (Glasser)

A

*individuals strive to meet basic psychological needs and the need to be worthwhile to self and others. brain as control system tries to meet needs

Control/choice therapy-we determine our fate and are in charge of our lives

Perception controls our behavior

Freedom of choice and responsibility

childhood not really explored

past discussed only to focus on successful behaviors

diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible

counselor like a friend

“Schools Without Failure”

BE PERSISTENT AND DO NOT GIVE UP

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6
Q

Ellis’s REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy)

A

*people have a cultural/biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught to use their capacity ti react differently

THOUGHTS behind behaviors and feelings
-cognitions=self-talk/internal verbalizations

Irrational thoughts=main problem
ex: significant other MUST love EVERYTHING i do

ABC Theory=
A=activating event
B=belief system
C=emotional consequence
D=disputing the irrational belief
E=new emotional consequence

musturbations= shoulds and oughts

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7
Q

Carkhuff Counselor Empathy Scale

A
  1. Response that does not attend to or detract significantly from the client’s affect.
  2. Response subtracts from client’s affect. (“You seem upset.”)
  3. Response interchangeable with client’s affect.
  4. Response noticeably adds to the client’s affect.
  5. Response significantly adds to the client’s affect.
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8
Q

Cattell’s Factor analysis theory

A

Personality traits predicts behavior.

Traits=source, surface, unique

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9
Q

Jungian Therapy (Neo-Freudian/analytical psychology)

A

*man strives for individuation or a sense of self-fulfillment

Gaining knowledge of the self

Recognizing and integrating the self

Archetypes (primal universal symbol) make up the
collective unconscious

Teleology (goals)-way to analyze behavior

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10
Q

Adlerian Family Therapy

A

Overcome feelings of inferiority

Promoting social interest

Investigating goals of behavior

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11
Q

Attachment Theory (Bowlby)

A

Early experiences impact development

Attachment behavior=instinctive/further formed by infant and primary caretaker relationship

Evolution=survival

Early problems=later life issues

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12
Q

Glasser 5 Fundamental Needs (Choice/Control Theory)

A
  1. Survival
  2. Love and Belonging
  3. Power/Recognition
  4. Freedom
  5. Fun
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13
Q

Functional Family Therapy (FFT)

A
  1. Engagement/motivation
    -identify maladaptive beliefs to increase
    expectations for change
    -reduce negativity and blaming
    -increase respect for differences
  2. Behavior change
    -parents use behavioral interventions to
    improve family function
  3. Generalization
    -generalization of skills learned to other
    environments
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14
Q

Gestalt Therapy (Perls)

A

*people are not bad or good. people have the capacity to govern life effectively as “whole”. people are part of their environment and must be viewed as such

Experiential/existential

Here and now

Dream work, role-playing, confrontation, hot seat, empty chair technique, psychodrama, top dog, underdog

WHAT and HOW questions

GOAL=client takes responsibility and achieves awareness in the here and now

DOING>just talking about problems

exaggeration experiment (similar to paradox exercises)

eliminate it talk and change to I statements

retroflection=act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else

gestalt = a form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole

5 layers of neurosis (phony, phobic, impasse, implosive, explosive)

gestalt therapists generally confrontational

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15
Q

Freud ego states (Structural Theory of the Mind)

A

id
-pleasure principle/instincts/impulsive
-part of the unconscious

ego
-executive adminsitrator of the personality ad reality principle
-mediator/balancer between ID and SUPEREGO

superego
-conscience
-concerned with morality
-ideal standards=guilt when violated

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16
Q

Carl Jung

A

Founded ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY

Worked with Freud

men=logic/logos
women=intuition/eros

mandalas- drawings balanced around a center point

introversion and extroversion

personality types used for Myer-Briggs

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17
Q

Alfred Adler (Individual psychology)

A

*man is basically good; much of behavior is determined via birth order

Father of INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY

Worked with Freud

Organ inferiority-major psychological goal is to escape deep-seated feelings of inferiority

Emphasized drive for superiority

most human behaviors driven by “will to power”

sibling interaction may have more impact than parent-child interaction

social connectedness

paradoxical strategies (afraid to give a presentation because of shaking =intervention would be to exaggerate behavior of shaking in front of people)

lifestyle

birth order

family constellations

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18
Q

Freud Eros and Thanatoso

A

Eros=Greek God of love/self-preservation

Thanatos=death/death wish/death instinct/self-destruction

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19
Q

Joseph Wolpe

A

“systematic desensitization”-useful when trying to weaken a client’s response to an anxiety-producing stimuli

SUDS=subjective units of disturbance scale

behavior therapy/classical conditioning

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20
Q

“Little Albert”

Watson-behaviorism

A

Conditioned a baby named Albert to be afraid of furry objects

fears=learned

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21
Q

Ego defense mechanisms (Freud)

A

Unconscious processes which minimize anxiety and protect self from severe id or superego demands

  1. repression (most important)
  2. rationalization
  3. compensation
  4. projection
  5. reaction formation (when a person can’t accept a given impulse and behaves in the opposite way)
  6. identification
  7. introjection (takes place when a child accepts others values as their own)
  8. denial
  9. displacement

10.sublimation (person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way)

22
Q

sour grape rationalization
vs
sweet lemon rationalization

A

sour grapes-fox fable (I didn’t want it anyway, it probably would’ve sucked)

sweet lemon-person tries to convince themselves/others how their distasteful circumstances are actually WONDERFUL

23
Q

Constructivist therapists

A

counselor must understand client’s view to explain their problems

ex:
brief therapy (what worked in the past)

narrative therapy (looks at client’s stories and attempt to rewrite/reconstruct when necessary)

24
Q

anima
vs
animus
(JUNG)

A

anima=feminine side

animus=masculine side

25
Q

who believes in symptom substitution?

A

analytically trained counselors

26
Q

Thorne

A

eclecticism

27
Q

B.F. Skinner (behavior modification)

A

*humans are like other animals: mechanistic and controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies; not good or bas; no self-determination or freedom

reinforcement theory=elaborated on law of effect (Thorndike)

operant conditioning referred to as instrumental learning

instrumental conditioning

28
Q

reinforcers

A

both positive AND negative reinforcement STRENGTHENS the probability will occur /the behavior will occur

29
Q

concreteness

A

also known as specificity

used as an attempt to eliminate vague language

30
Q

negative reinforcement examples

A

depressed client takes antidepressants and depression is eliminated-more apt to take medication again

client has headache and takes Advil- headache goes away and more likely to take again

client cleans her room and mom’s nagging stops

31
Q

EEG feedback

A

brain waves
hint*** egg=brain

32
Q

variable ratio

A

most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish

33
Q

fixed interval

A

least difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish

34
Q

secondary reinforcement

A

when a stimulus that accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of its own

35
Q

back-up reinforcer

A

an item or activity which can be purchased using tokens

36
Q

Wolpe Systematic Desensitization

A
  1. relaxation training
  2. construction of anxiety hierarchy
  3. desensitization in imagination
  4. in vivo desensitization
37
Q

Sensate focus (Masters and Johnson)

A

behavioral sex therapy

38
Q

flooding

A

usually occurs when a client is genuinely exposed to the feared stimulus

also called deliberate exposure with response prevention

39
Q

implosive therapy

A

always conducted in the imagination

40
Q

Logotherapy (Frankl)

A

*existential view is that humans are good, rational, and retain freedom of choice

based on existentialism
healing through meaning

41
Q

paradoxical intention (Frankl)

A

implemented by advising the client to purposely exaggerate a dysfunctional behavior in the imagination

42
Q

Existentialism

A

here-and-now

i-thou=horizontal/equal client-counselor relationship

free choice, decision, will

phenomenology=client’s internal personal experience of events

ontology=the philosophy of being and existing

43
Q

RBT= rational-behavior therapy
(Maultsby)

A

similar to REBT but emphasizes a written self-analysis

44
Q

cognitive therapy/cognitive behavior therapy (Beck)

A

dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational

socratic questioning - helps clients challenge unrealistic thought patterns
ex: Could I be misrepresenting the situation?

45
Q

stress inoculation treatment (Meichenbaum)

cognitive therapy

A
  1. educational phase= client taught to monitor the impact of inner dialogue on behavior
  2. rehearsal phase= client taught to rehearse new self-talk
  3. application phase= where new inner dialogue is attempted during actual stress-producing situations
46
Q

crossed transactions (TA-Berne)

A

occurs when vectors from a message are sent and a message received are not parallel (ex: i send a message from adult to your adult and you respond from your adult to my child)

result in a deadlock of communication / host hurtful feelings

47
Q

TA life positions (Harris “I’m OK - You’re OK”)

A
  1. I’m ok - you’re ok
    -successful winners
  2. I’m ok - you’re NOT ok
    -blames others for misery
    -feel victimized and paranoid
    -adolescent delinquents/ adult criminals
    -may see homicidal behavior as an acceptable solution
  3. I’m NOT ok - you’re ok
    -self-abusive, engages in self-mutilation, generally suicidal
  4. I’m NOT ok- you’re NOT ok
    -most pessimistic postion
    -could result in schizoid behavior
    -worst case scenario kill someone else and then self
48
Q

Freud (psychoanalysis) view of clients

A

deterministic; people are controlled by biological instincts; are unsocialized, irrational; driven by unconscious forces such as sex and aggression

49
Q

Bandura (neobehavioristic)

A

person produces and is a product of conditioning. observation ad modeling are extremely important

50
Q

Williamson (trait-factor)

A

through education and scientific data, man can become himself. humans are born with potential for good and evil. others are needed to help unleash positive potential. man is mainly rational not intuitive

51
Q

Types of empathy (Ivey)

A
  1. basic = counselor’s response is on the same level as the client’s
  2. subtractive = the counselor’s behavior does not completely convey an understanding of what has been communicated
  3. additive = most desirable since it adds to the client’s understanding and awareness

NCE (9 decks)

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