Helping Relationships Flashcards
Rogerian (Client/person-centered/nondirective)
*individual is good and moves toward growth and self-actualization
-Mirroring
-No judgement
-Counselor=facilitator to clearer self-understanding
-Positive outlook
-Mutual Respect
-I-thou (relationship is horizontal)
-puts little stock in the formal process of diagnosis and psychological assessment / would treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the same principles
-3 factors needed for an effective helping climate
counselor’s attitude must include:
1. genuineness/congruence
2. unconditional positive regard/ non-
possessive warmth
3. empathic understanding
Interpersonal Therapy
Most effective for depressive episodes associated with specific situations
Focus on issue/conflict and develop specific goals
FOCUS on problem and concrete feelings not abstract feelings
Transactional Analysis (Berne)
*messages learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or bad, though intervention can change the script
Cognitive Model of Therapy
Personality=3 ego states
1. parent (values internalized from significant others in childhood-nurturing vs critical parent)
(the conscience/ego state concerned with moral behavior)
nurturing parent and critical parent
- adult (process facts with no focus on feelings)
- child (natural child- spontaneous, impulsive, creative/intuitive)
natural child- spontaneous, impulsive
little professor- curious, intuitive
adapted child- knows how to comply
messages receive from parents to form ego states= injunctions
describing client using P-A-C conceptualization = structural analysis
healthy communication transactions occur when vectors of communication run parallel - get appropriate predicted responses
games = transaction with concealed motive
when a client manipulates others to experience a childhood/unpleasant feeling=racket
Dream Analysis (Freudian psychoanalysis)
Dreams contain information about unconscious thoughts and conflicts that can be useful when treating a client
“Manifest content” = conscious or remembered parts/surface meaning
“Latent content” = unconscious or not remembered/hidden meaning
Reality Therapy (Glasser)
*individuals strive to meet basic psychological needs and the need to be worthwhile to self and others. brain as control system tries to meet needs
Control/choice therapy-we determine our fate and are in charge of our lives
Perception controls our behavior
Freedom of choice and responsibility
childhood not really explored
past discussed only to focus on successful behaviors
diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible
counselor like a friend
“Schools Without Failure”
BE PERSISTENT AND DO NOT GIVE UP
Ellis’s REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy)
*people have a cultural/biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught to use their capacity ti react differently
THOUGHTS behind behaviors and feelings
-cognitions=self-talk/internal verbalizations
Irrational thoughts=main problem
ex: significant other MUST love EVERYTHING i do
ABC Theory=
A=activating event
B=belief system
C=emotional consequence
D=disputing the irrational belief
E=new emotional consequence
musturbations= shoulds and oughts
Carkhuff Counselor Empathy Scale
- Response that does not attend to or detract significantly from the client’s affect.
- Response subtracts from client’s affect. (“You seem upset.”)
- Response interchangeable with client’s affect.
- Response noticeably adds to the client’s affect.
- Response significantly adds to the client’s affect.
Cattell’s Factor analysis theory
Personality traits predicts behavior.
Traits=source, surface, unique
Jungian Therapy (Neo-Freudian/analytical psychology)
*man strives for individuation or a sense of self-fulfillment
Gaining knowledge of the self
Recognizing and integrating the self
Archetypes (primal universal symbol) make up the
collective unconscious
Teleology (goals)-way to analyze behavior
Adlerian Family Therapy
Overcome feelings of inferiority
Promoting social interest
Investigating goals of behavior
Attachment Theory (Bowlby)
Early experiences impact development
Attachment behavior=instinctive/further formed by infant and primary caretaker relationship
Evolution=survival
Early problems=later life issues
Glasser 5 Fundamental Needs (Choice/Control Theory)
- Survival
- Love and Belonging
- Power/Recognition
- Freedom
- Fun
Functional Family Therapy (FFT)
- Engagement/motivation
-identify maladaptive beliefs to increase
expectations for change
-reduce negativity and blaming
-increase respect for differences - Behavior change
-parents use behavioral interventions to
improve family function - Generalization
-generalization of skills learned to other
environments
Gestalt Therapy (Perls)
*people are not bad or good. people have the capacity to govern life effectively as “whole”. people are part of their environment and must be viewed as such
Experiential/existential
Here and now
Dream work, role-playing, confrontation, hot seat, empty chair technique, psychodrama, top dog, underdog
WHAT and HOW questions
GOAL=client takes responsibility and achieves awareness in the here and now
DOING>just talking about problems
exaggeration experiment (similar to paradox exercises)
eliminate it talk and change to I statements
retroflection=act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else
gestalt = a form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole
5 layers of neurosis (phony, phobic, impasse, implosive, explosive)
gestalt therapists generally confrontational
Freud ego states (Structural Theory of the Mind)
id
-pleasure principle/instincts/impulsive
-part of the unconscious
ego
-executive adminsitrator of the personality ad reality principle
-mediator/balancer between ID and SUPEREGO
superego
-conscience
-concerned with morality
-ideal standards=guilt when violated
Carl Jung
Founded ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Worked with Freud
men=logic/logos
women=intuition/eros
mandalas- drawings balanced around a center point
introversion and extroversion
personality types used for Myer-Briggs
Alfred Adler (Individual psychology)
*man is basically good; much of behavior is determined via birth order
Father of INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY
Worked with Freud
Organ inferiority-major psychological goal is to escape deep-seated feelings of inferiority
Emphasized drive for superiority
most human behaviors driven by “will to power”
sibling interaction may have more impact than parent-child interaction
social connectedness
paradoxical strategies (afraid to give a presentation because of shaking =intervention would be to exaggerate behavior of shaking in front of people)
lifestyle
birth order
family constellations
Freud Eros and Thanatoso
Eros=Greek God of love/self-preservation
Thanatos=death/death wish/death instinct/self-destruction
Joseph Wolpe
“systematic desensitization”-useful when trying to weaken a client’s response to an anxiety-producing stimuli
SUDS=subjective units of disturbance scale
behavior therapy/classical conditioning
“Little Albert”
Watson-behaviorism
Conditioned a baby named Albert to be afraid of furry objects
fears=learned
Ego defense mechanisms (Freud)
Unconscious processes which minimize anxiety and protect self from severe id or superego demands
- repression (most important)
- rationalization
- compensation
- projection
- reaction formation (when a person can’t accept a given impulse and behaves in the opposite way)
- identification
- introjection (takes place when a child accepts others values as their own)
- denial
- displacement
10.sublimation (person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way)
sour grape rationalization
vs
sweet lemon rationalization
sour grapes-fox fable (I didn’t want it anyway, it probably would’ve sucked)
sweet lemon-person tries to convince themselves/others how their distasteful circumstances are actually WONDERFUL
Constructivist therapists
counselor must understand client’s view to explain their problems
ex:
brief therapy (what worked in the past)
narrative therapy (looks at client’s stories and attempt to rewrite/reconstruct when necessary)
anima
vs
animus
(JUNG)
anima=feminine side
animus=masculine side
who believes in symptom substitution?
analytically trained counselors
Thorne
eclecticism
B.F. Skinner (behavior modification)
*humans are like other animals: mechanistic and controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies; not good or bas; no self-determination or freedom
reinforcement theory=elaborated on law of effect (Thorndike)
operant conditioning referred to as instrumental learning
instrumental conditioning
reinforcers
both positive AND negative reinforcement STRENGTHENS the probability will occur /the behavior will occur
concreteness
also known as specificity
used as an attempt to eliminate vague language
negative reinforcement examples
depressed client takes antidepressants and depression is eliminated-more apt to take medication again
client has headache and takes Advil- headache goes away and more likely to take again
client cleans her room and mom’s nagging stops
EEG feedback
brain waves
hint*** egg=brain
variable ratio
most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish
fixed interval
least difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish
secondary reinforcement
when a stimulus that accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of its own
back-up reinforcer
an item or activity which can be purchased using tokens
Wolpe Systematic Desensitization
- relaxation training
- construction of anxiety hierarchy
- desensitization in imagination
- in vivo desensitization
Sensate focus (Masters and Johnson)
behavioral sex therapy
flooding
usually occurs when a client is genuinely exposed to the feared stimulus
also called deliberate exposure with response prevention
implosive therapy
always conducted in the imagination
Logotherapy (Frankl)
*existential view is that humans are good, rational, and retain freedom of choice
based on existentialism
healing through meaning
paradoxical intention (Frankl)
implemented by advising the client to purposely exaggerate a dysfunctional behavior in the imagination
Existentialism
here-and-now
i-thou=horizontal/equal client-counselor relationship
free choice, decision, will
phenomenology=client’s internal personal experience of events
ontology=the philosophy of being and existing
RBT= rational-behavior therapy
(Maultsby)
similar to REBT but emphasizes a written self-analysis
cognitive therapy/cognitive behavior therapy (Beck)
dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational
socratic questioning - helps clients challenge unrealistic thought patterns
ex: Could I be misrepresenting the situation?
stress inoculation treatment (Meichenbaum)
cognitive therapy
- educational phase= client taught to monitor the impact of inner dialogue on behavior
- rehearsal phase= client taught to rehearse new self-talk
- application phase= where new inner dialogue is attempted during actual stress-producing situations
crossed transactions (TA-Berne)
occurs when vectors from a message are sent and a message received are not parallel (ex: i send a message from adult to your adult and you respond from your adult to my child)
result in a deadlock of communication / host hurtful feelings
TA life positions (Harris “I’m OK - You’re OK”)
- I’m ok - you’re ok
-successful winners - I’m ok - you’re NOT ok
-blames others for misery
-feel victimized and paranoid
-adolescent delinquents/ adult criminals
-may see homicidal behavior as an acceptable solution - I’m NOT ok - you’re ok
-self-abusive, engages in self-mutilation, generally suicidal - I’m NOT ok- you’re NOT ok
-most pessimistic postion
-could result in schizoid behavior
-worst case scenario kill someone else and then self
Freud (psychoanalysis) view of clients
deterministic; people are controlled by biological instincts; are unsocialized, irrational; driven by unconscious forces such as sex and aggression
Bandura (neobehavioristic)
person produces and is a product of conditioning. observation ad modeling are extremely important
Williamson (trait-factor)
through education and scientific data, man can become himself. humans are born with potential for good and evil. others are needed to help unleash positive potential. man is mainly rational not intuitive
Types of empathy (Ivey)
- basic = counselor’s response is on the same level as the client’s
- subtractive = the counselor’s behavior does not completely convey an understanding of what has been communicated
- additive = most desirable since it adds to the client’s understanding and awareness
