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NCE > Human Growth and Development > Flashcards

Human Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

One family structure on the rise in the US (fastest growing)

A

Multigenerational family

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2
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
(Structuralist-changes are qualitative)

A
  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Pre-operational
  3. Concrete Operational
  4. Formal Operational
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3
Q

Piaget Sensorimotor Stage (1)

A

-Reflexes (biggest role)

-Begins to develop object permanence and representational thought

-The schema (mental representation of the real world) of permanency and constancy of objects occurs here

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4
Q

Schema

A

Mental representation of the real world

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5
Q

Piaget Formal Operational Stage (4)

A

Abstract thinking and problem solving via deduction

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6
Q

Piaget Concrete Operational Stage (3)

A

Ages 6-11

Develop capacity of conservation (object permanence-physical stays the same even if visually changed))
AND
Reversibility (one can undo an action)
Object can return to an initial shape/ability to think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse

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7
Q

Piaget Pre-operational Stage (2)

A

Early childhood

Dual representation-something can be an object and a symbol.

Symbolic schema-milk carton=spaceship

Animism: nonliving objects have human abilities

Egocentrism: child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else

Centration: focusing on a key feature of a given object/situation while ignoring the rest

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8
Q

Extinction

A

The withdrawal of reinforcement until the conditioned response no longer occurs

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9
Q

Kohlberg Stages of Moral Development

A

Pre-conventional:
1. Punishment and Obedience Orientation
obey or be punished
2. Hedonistic and Instrumental Orientation
must obey to get rewarded

Conventional:
3. Interpersonal Acceptance Orientation
want to conform/follow the rules to get
approval
4. Law and Order Orientation
must obey to conform to authority

Post-conventional:
5. Social Contracts Exists/rules are relative
6. Universal ethical principals in chosen orientation
may or may not follow rules depending on
personal beliefs about morality

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10
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Involves the taking away of something undesirable so the behavior is INCREASED.

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11
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Observational learning happens primarily through cognition

Modeling

Bobo doll study (kids treat toy aggressively after it was modeled to them)

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12
Q

Object Relations Theory (Freudian psychoanalytical concept)

A
  1. Fusion with mother
  2. Symbiosis with mother
  3. Separation/individuation
  4. Constancy of self and object

*Progressing through consecutive stages gives child a secure base for later development by engendering trust in the child that its needs will be met

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13
Q

Zone of proximal development (Vgotsky)

A

Describes difference between a child’s performance without a teacher vs. what they are capable of WITH a teacher

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14
Q

Regression

A

Individual is returning to the behavior of an earlier stage in life (teenager crying for attention)

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15
Q

Erik Erikson’s 8 Stages of Maturation
(Psychosocial)

**Only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span

A
  1. trust vs mistrust
  2. autonomy vs shame and doubt
  3. initiative vs guilt (self-confidence)
  4. industry vs inferiority (pride/accomplishment)
  5. identity vs confusion (picture of future)
  6. intimacy vs isolation (safe loving relationship)
  7. generatively vs stagnation (midlife)
  8. integrity vs despair (65+/pride in achievement)

*identity crisis

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16
Q

Roe Conceptualization of Personality

A

Focus on parent/child interactions

1.emotional concentration on the child (overprotection)

  1. avoidance of the child (neglect)
  2. acceptance of the child (loving)
17
Q

Piaget Assimilation and Accommodation

A

Assimilation=process of putting info into previous schemata

Accommodation=process of changing schemata to fit in new information

18
Q

Piaget Stages of Moral Development

A
  1. Premoral (preschool)
    -Child is unconcerned about rules; makes up their own
  2. Heteronomous morality (5yr-9yr)
    -rules determined by authority-must be obeyed. Violations always punished
  3. Autonomous morality (9yrs-12yrs)
    -social rules=arbitrary and promote cooperation, equality, and reciprocity; they serve justice. Rules can be changed by agreement or violated for a higher purpose

*** 10 and under-wrong doings judged by amount of damage rather than intention

19
Q

Psychodynamic theories

A

Freud

Focus on unconscious processes rather than cognitive factors when counseling clients

20
Q

Ego psychologists

A

Erikson

Believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior

Ego=logical and reasonable

21
Q

Freud Stages of Development

A
  1. Oral
  2. Anal
  3. Phallic
  4. Latency
  5. Genital
22
Q

Conservation (Piaget)

A

Refers to the notion that a substance’s weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape

Child masters during CONCRETE OPERATIONAL stage (also counting-c-c-c)

23
Q

Heinz dilemma (Kohlberg)

A

Used to assess the level and stage of moral development

Overpriced cancer drug-husband steals drug

Individual’s REASON for decisions

24
Q

Bowlby

A

Bonding and attachment

To have a normal social life a child must bond with an adult before the age of 3

Bond severed=object loss which leads to abnormal behavior

Object=target of one’s love

24
Q

Maturation hypothesis/theory

A

Behavior guided by hereditary factors BUT certain behaviors will not manifest until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment

Neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for behavior to unfold

Counselor strives to unleash inborn abilities, instincts, and drives

Freud and Erikson could be classified as maturationists

25
Q

Harry Harlow

A

Known for work with maternal deprivation and isolation in monkeys

Attachment=innate tendency NOT learned

Contact/comfort more important than milk

26
Q

cephalocaudal

A

development=head to foot

27
Q

Visual cliff (Gibson)

A

Research of depth perception in children utilizing a glass sheet to simulate a drop-off.

At 6 months most infants will not attempt to cross.

Depth perception=inherent

28
Q

Empiricism/associationism

A

Development consists of quantitative changes and can be measured

Can only learn from objective facts

Experience=source for acquiring knowledge

Forerunner of behaviorism

29
Q

Ethology (Lorenz)

A

Developed by zoologists trying to explain behavior using Darwinian theory

Today=field research utilizing animals

Lorenz=imprinting/
critical periods (certain behaviors must be
learned at an early time in development
otherwise not learned at all

30
Q

Maslow Hierarchy of Needs

A

“Humanistic psychology”

  1. Immediate/basic needs (food and water)
  2. Safety and security
  3. Need for love, affection, and belonging
  4. Self-actualization (The person becomes all they
    can be)

Higher order needs=metaneeds

NCE (9 decks)

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