Social Action Theories- Processes Within School + Pupil Identity Flashcards
Becker
‘The ideal pupil’ identity
Teachers judge pupils against ideal pupil identity. Factors used to create this are internal/external and not always linked to intelligence
‘Halo effect’
When pupils become stereotyped either favourably/unfavourably based on earlier impressions
What can ideal-pupil-comparison lead to?
Labelling resulting in setting, subcultures, self fulfilling prophecy. Overall impacting way students see themselves
Process within school: Labelling
- studies show process is very quick and is early on in educational career where the teacher feel like they know the pupil
- highlights that labelling can impact sets, exam tiers, marks, table groupings. Once the labels are made they are difficult to remove
Processes within schools: Self-fulfilling prophecy Rosenthal and Jacobson
Came into schools and made them do a placebo IQ test where 20% were randomly chosen to be labelled as ‘geniuses’. 47% of them made significant progress because of teachers beliefs about pupils had been influenced . Changed beliefs to ‘bright/naughty’ students
Criticism of self fulfilling prophecy
Some students will reject the labels and prove them wrong
Setting: Keddie
- A stream (high) - middle class taught abstract theoretical knowledge
- C stream (low) - working class taught descriptive common knowledge
- withholding high status knowledge from C stream increases class differences in achievement
Setting and streaming impact on attainment
Top set= taught more
Advantages of setting - functionalist and new right
- incentive to work hard
- easier to teach- tailor lessons
- allows students brightest ones to strive
Disadvantages of setting - Marxist (reinforce class divide)
- impact tier of exam
- can be based on behaviour rather than ability
- can cause subcultures
- mixed ability can encourage students to help one another
Explain educational triage
1- walking wounded= pass anyway
2- die anyway= hopeless cases
3- chances of survival= potentials
Schools focus on students who are potentials (grade 3/4) to get schools statistics of students passing up
How did marketisation lead to educational triage?
Turned education competitive marketplace where pupils and parents use power to force standards to improve. Introduced formula funding where schools received funding per pupil and league tables introduced to rank each schools on gcse grades
Term: cream skimming
Selecting higher ability who gain best results and cost less to teach. More popular schools
Term: Silt shifting
Off loading pupils with learning disabilities who are expensive to teach and get poor results to less popular schools.
Lacey
Low achievers form anti-school culture bc in position of inferior status so search for diff way of gaining status by inverting school values. Gain status and respect from peers. Likely become self-fulfilling prophecy of educational failure
Mac an Ghail
There’s range of school subcultures so cannot generalise explainations
Green
Evaluation to subcultures: 8 different subcultures eg compliance opportunism ritualise retreatism rebellion
2 subcultures of school
1- anti school: can’t gain respect from teachers by being smart, get from friends
2- pro school: academically able and gets respect from teachers
Hargreaves
process of labelling very quick and teacher feels like know a pupil and is early on in educational career
Rist
American kindergarten- teachers used info ab children’s home background and appearance to separate them into different tables
Sewell
black students disciplined excessively by teachers who were socialised into racist attitudes and felt threatened by the students masculinity and sexuality
problem= lack of fatherly nurturing love for black boys. Street gangs of fatherless boys offer black boys perverse loyalty and love
Griffin
white working-class girls- deviance defined by sexual behaviour rather than trouble making. Girls concerned with their future in terms of marriage market
Archer- social class
Working class. Symbolic violence led the to seek alt ways of creating self-worth, status, violence in investing in styles - NIKE IDENTITIES. Style performances policed by peer groups, not conforming= social suicide
Fuller
Black girls rejection of labels
Gilbourn and Mirza
Teachers RACIALIZED EXPECTATIONS about black pupils which could lead to labelling
Connell- gender
HEGEMONIC MASCULINITY- associated with male dominance and power, laddish culture, aggression and hetrosexuality.
Mac an Ghail
Male peer groups put boys under pressure to not take school work seriously. Working class boys- didnt make effort, middle class boys- effortless achievement, try hard to succeed in private. MALE GAZE- males look girls up and down seeing them as sexual objects, way of survelliance, dominant ,masculinity reinforced, feminity devalued
Lees- gender
SEXUAL DOUBLE STANDARDS- boys brag about their sexual exploits whereas girls are labelled as slags if do same. Sexual conquests= boys gain status, girls classes as promiscuous
Louise Archer- gender
Girls who dont conform to traditional gender idenitites disadvantaged bc came into conflict with the school. Spent time and money on appearance to look sexy and feminine giving them sense of power and status. Peer group policed this
Ringrose- gender
Young girls and women subject to SLUT SHAMING and sexual bullying eg punished for violating dress code policies by dressing in percieved sexually provactive ways, having casual sex. Young girlks cant do well in school if dont have positive sense of self and feel safe from issues of gendered violence and sexual bullying
