Social

Question 1

Types of Conformity A01

Answer 1

• conformity = change in behaviour due to real / perceived social pressure
• compliance = overt not internal - shallow
• internalisation = deep - seek validation - want to be correct
• NSI (need to be liked) / ISI (need to be right)

Question 2

Types of Conformity A02

Answer 2

• Deustch and Gerard (ISI/NSI)
• Jenness beans = no. of - maj answer
• Sherif - autokinetic = light static - asked how much moved
• Asch = line study - confederates - 33% conform all the time 75% 1x. (longest line)

Question 3

Types of Conformity A03

Answer 3

GOOD
- experimental research
- Kelman (black uni students comply w board ISI - money / comply with academic NSI

BAD
- Methodology - appl. / samples etc.
- Cultural Bias
- Alt exp. Social impact theory - oversimp. (strength/immediacy/ knowledge)

Question 4

Zimbardo - Conformity to social roles A01

Answer 4

Situational exp. for conformity in placed like prison / Abu Ghraib
- Zimbardo = 24/75 applicants selected post Q (normal)
- assigned prisoner / officer - pathological prisoner syndrome - poor treatment / abuse

Question 5

Zimbardo - Conformity to social roles A02

Answer 5

• Zimbardo
• Reicher and Hallam = replication - raised Q around eco validity / ID = dispo.

Question 6

Zimbardo - Conformity to social roles A03

Answer 6

GOOD
- contributions to psych- impactful in terms of developing understanding of institutions
- practical appl. to prevent / spot violence

BAD
- methodology
- poor ethics = not to be replicated
- Movahedi - demand characteristics
- socially sensitive - ghraib / mai lai

Question 7

Situational Explanations for Obedience A01

Answer 7

Grad committ. = cumulative cog dissonance
Agentic Shift = diffuse resp. = someone’s agent
Legitimacy of Authority = defined societally
Buffers = not facing consequences

Question 8

Situational Explanations for Obedience A02

Answer 8

Milgram = 40 US - 62% reached 450v
Arendt: Nuremburg ‘’only following orders’’
Milgram: 92.5% 450v when telling another to shock
UNIFORM = Milgram: no lab coat = 20%
LOCATION = Milgram: not Yale – offices = 47.5%
PROXIMITY = Milgram: experimenter out of room = 20.5%

Question 9

Situational Explanations for Obedience A03

Answer 9

GOOD
increase supp research - experimental - reliable
developed exp paired with relatively accurate studies
BAD
Cultural diff = Mann: 40% men / 14% women 450v in Australia
eco valid?
Ethics?
social sensitivity

Question 10

Dispositional Explanations for obedience A01

Answer 10

• Authoritarian Personality (Adorno)
  = rigid intolerant conservative cynical etc. - abuse of those below them and respect to those above
  = due to being raised by strict parents

Question 11

Dispositional Explanations for obedience A02

Answer 11

• Adorn0 - F scale = Q - more auth p = more rigid / more strict upbringing
• Elms and Milgram = 20ppts - 450v pers. tested MMPI / F -scale - likely AP yet - marginal difference
• Altemeyer = Right wing authoritarianism = give selves shocks when mistake in task – high characteristics = more likely to obey – correlation

Question 12

Dispositional Explanations for obedience A03

Answer 12

GOOD
- Damburne / Vatine = Right wing Auth. = predictor of obedience
- Q = eco valid / easily distributable - replicable
BAD
- Milgram provides better research for situational explanations

Question 13

Resistance to social influence (dispo) A01

Answer 13

• Locus of Control - Rotter
• Internal = self responsibility - aut.
• External = responsibility elsewhere - no control

+ Individual differences - gender / age / personality

Question 14

Resistance to social influence (dispo) A02

Answer 14

• Twenge et al = US more external yet less obedient
• Holland = only 23% external stopped before 450v

Question 15

Resistance to social influence (dispo) A03

Answer 15

GOOD
research supp. - experimental / ecologically valid grounding in theory
BAD
contradicted by Twenge
Temp. Valid
social support

Question 16

Resistance to social influence - sit A01

Answer 16

Social Support - dissenters = greater confidence

Question 17

Resistance to social influence - sit A02

Answer 17

Asch: confederate dissenter = 5%(correct)-9%(wrong) conformity - to prior 36.6% average

Milgram: obedience dropped to 10% comp. to 65% when dissenter confed present

Garson et al: 88% ppts. Rebelled in smear campaign task when discussed in groups = more likely to resist

Allen and Levine: Asch line – thick glasses dissenter = independence increases

Question 18

Resistance to social influence - sit A03

Answer 18

GOOD
- face validity
- experimental
- applicability - eco examples
BAD
- Kohlberg moral reasoning alt.
- soft determinism
- not in life or death scenario - Germany 40’

Question 19

Minority Influence - A01

Answer 19

• societal change takes place through MI - Moscovici
• min exerts influence over maj - causes public/private change
• CONSISTENCY / FLEXIBILITY

Question 20

Minority Influence - A02

Answer 20

• Moscovici - 32 women - colour difference - min show consistency = 32% conform at least 1x
• Nemeth and Moscovici = 28% conform when confeds are flexible - more impactful than Con at this point.
• Atkinson et al: students read discussions on gay rights / maj view favoured – yet = privately expressed minority
• Maj = creates compliance / obedience

Question 21

Minority Influence - A03

Answer 21

GOOD
- Research support
- practical appl. the way jury’s function
- Wood et al - MA 92
BAD
- Methodological issues
- Beta bias - no men
- alt exp. - Mackie - false consensus theory

Question 22

Process of social change A01

Answer 22

Attention = proof
Consistency
Deeper processing = challenging
Augmentation = commitment
Snowballing = minority view grows in size
Convergence = min = new maj

Question 23

Process of social change A03

Answer 23

GOOD
- real life appl. - ecologically valid
- many example - gay / civil rights etc.
- practical appl. changing issues
BAD
- ethnocentrism / presumed universality?