Psychopathology

Question 1

OCD exp. A01

Answer 1

Class = obsess (anxiety) - compulsions (reduce A) - Maladaptive
- COMT GENE / low S-NT
- OFC - BG - CN - T

Question 2

OCD Exp. A02

Answer 2

Karayiogou: 73 OCD – 148 control – 50% men with COMT = OCD – 10% women

Lewis: OCD family = 37% parents / 21% siblings same

Pigott: found SSRI use (inc. S-NT/ (reduces D-NT = Kim)) = treats OCD – NT comp.

Question 3

OCD Exp. A03

Answer 3

GOOD
- bio excellent research qual.
- allows for effective practical appl. SRRIs
BAD
- Hard Determinism - Nomothetic (ID)
- Reductionist

Question 4

OCD treatment - A01

Answer 4

SSRIs / Benzodiazepines
Deep brain stimulation in the BG

Question 5

OCD treatment A02

Answer 5

Mulrow: placebo’s = 25% more effective in Tricyclics = SSRI’s better

Soomro: 17 trials = SSRI’s better treat OCD than placebos

Dubovsky: BZ’s = 70% people that take = symptom relief

Question 6

OCD treatment A03

Answer 6

GOOD
- Drugs = cost effective
- Drugs = effective WHO says so
- effective / appropriate with CBT
BAD
- Side effects - may become inaccessible
- may cause reliance / addiction
- Psychosurgery = invasive

Question 7

Phobias Exp. A01

Answer 7

• Class = excessive fear - conscious unreasonable - avoidance = maladaptive
  Mowrers 2 process model
• CC = novel fear / learned fear
• OC = active avoidance - maintains - fear is learned

Question 8

Phobias - Exp. A02

Answer 8

Watson and Rayner: Little Albert – fear of white rat – association with loud bang

Sue: people recall traumatic incident that incited phobia

Ost: no clear mem. = just forgotten

Question 9

Phobias - Exp. A03

Answer 9

GOOD
empiricism - controlled research
Practical application
BAD
Env. reductionism / determinism
Diathesis - DiNardo

Question 10

Phobias Treatment A01

Answer 10

Systematic Desensitisation (Wolpe) = Deep muscle relaxation – hierarchy– vitro – vivo = counter conditioning (reciprocal inhibition = aversion to stim + relaxation = cancels / neutralises behaviour (extinction)

Flooding = forces exposure to phobic stimulus without opportunity for active avoidance – extinction of behaviour – direct exposure

Question 11

Phobias Treatment A02

Answer 11

Smith and Glass: [MA 375] – most effective phobic therapy

Lang: 11 students – snakes = significant improvement – 6m later

Ougrin: comparative success rates with CBT / SD

Question 12

Phobias Treatment A03

Answer 12

GOOD
SD = lt / effective and permanent
Flooding = more cost effective

BAD
SD is less cost effective / time consuming
Flooding may cause distress - les accessible
Both only treat symptoms not root cause
Unethical impositions of therapist values??? Conversion T

Question 13

Cognitive Exp. for Depression A01

Answer 13

Class = need 5 symp. = low mood / energy - worthless / suicidal ideation / arbitrary inter. selective abstraction

• Ellis ABC = stimuli response paradigm= process = antecent (activating event) – beleifs (irrational) – conclusions = unproductive
• Beck Triad = cognitive bias (focus on negative) – negative self-schemas (negative interpretation) – cognitive triad (self-future-world) automatic + symptomatic negative thoughts

Question 14

Cognitive Exp. for Depression A02

Answer 14

Boury: depressed ppts. More likely to negatively misinterpret info

Thase: Cog therapy = just as effective / more agreeable

Barlow and Durand: 17% high neg. thinking = dep. / 1% with low neg. thinking

Question 15

Cognitive Exp. for Depression A03

Answer 15

GOOD
effective therapies - CBT / REBT (March 81%)
Empirical research
est. universal processes makes for better Appl. (nomo)
BAD
Machine reductionism
might be evolutionary - sadder but wiser - naivety
childhood schemas = deterministic

Question 16

Cognitive Treatments - A01

Answer 16

CBT - IA – GS – HW = collaborative + time limited + symptom focused
REBT - disputing logically - empirically - pragmatically
SIT - management

Question 17

Cognitive Treatments - A02

Answer 17

Smith and Glass: [MA:375] = REBT 2nd best therapy (SD 1)

Ellis: REBT = 90% success rate

March et al: CBT same as anti-depressants – 327 (CBT vs chemo vs combo) 36 weeks = 1 = 81% 2 = 81% success yet 3 = 86% success

Question 18

Cognitive Treatments - A03

Answer 18

GOOD
Effective - March
NICE recommended
long term solution
BAD
not accessible for all
less cost effective
some cannot access without Drugs

Question 19

Abnormality - A01

Answer 19

SI – frequent behaviour = normal – infrequent = abnormal –use of standard deviation – deviated from avg. - abnormal

DSN – unconventional behaviour – violating set contrived parameters of social interaction – eccentricity / rude

FFA – Rosenhan and Seligman – criteria (multiple) personal distress / Maladaptive / Observer Discomfort / Irrationality / Stat – infreq. / etc.

DIMH – Jahoda – self-attitudes - personal growth – integration – autonomy – environmental mastery – perception of reality

Question 20

Abnormality - A03

Answer 20

GOOD
Nomothetic = good for clinical criteria
BAD
SI = ignored frequent behaviours / not all measurable
FFA = focus on negative
Cultural Relativity - Copsey / Nazroo
Nobles (oppressive psych)
soft determinism / reductionism