Aggression Flashcards
Gene attributed to A A01
MAOA - monoamine oxidase A - metabolises S
- MAOA - L = more S
- MAOA - H = less S
= A
how do you study genetic influence
- twin studies
- adoption studies
twin study A02
Cocarro = 50% variance direct A in genes
Adoption studies A02
- Hutchings and Mednick = 14,000 Danish adoptions – those with criminal fathers = more likely to be criminals.
- Brennan and Mednick = criminal boys = only bio link when crime = property no violence. == only violent (generally) when both bio / adoptive = violent.
MAOA A02
(A02) = Brunner = Case Study – Netherlands = male borderline retardation – aggression – arson – rape == 5 male urine samples = low MAOA
(A02) = Caspi = longitudinal study – 500 boys == found 2 MAOA genes L/H
MA for genetic influence
MA – A02 = Rhee and Waldman – 51 twin studies == largely genetic yet 7 factors such as age and operationalisation = moderated its influence.
There is a genetic link – other factors mediate this link.
Genetic influence Eval
good
- Young - mice fierce gene
Bad
- causality
- sample
- external validity
- diathesis
Hormonal influence A01
- Testosterone
= Basal Model // T = D = A
= Reciprocal Model = D = T = A
Cortisol = stress = high C = low T
Hormonal influence A02 T
Mazur and Booth = reviewed studies – concluded men with more T = more likely to use weapons in fights.
Dabbs = measured salivary T levels in prisoners – violent vs non // Violent = high T // Non-violent = low T
Lindman = Drunk males who are violent = higher T
Archer = MA = 230 men – 5 studies weak positive correlation T/A - Supp = Book = MA weak positive correlation = (0.14) – 45 studies T/A
Hormonal influence A02 C
Virkunnen low C in habitual violent offenders / violent children Tennes and Kreye.
Hormonal influence Eval
Good
- Mcburnett - emp = low c = 3x more A
Bad
- reductionist
- gender bias
- Method
- Zurich = T also fair be // Bain = T same between murd/non
Evolutionary explanations A01
EEA
Jealousy / cuckoldry
MSJ / infidelity
Evolved module homicide theory (Duntley/ Buss)
MRS = direct guarding / negative inducements
Evolutionary exp. A02
Cascardi and Vivian = pp. stated that mostly jealousy == aggression
Shackleford == survey – 461 men / 560 women in US found high correlation between 2 retention strategies (DG / inter NI) MRS = linked to A
Dell = MSJ accounts for 17% of UK murders
Evolutionary exp. Eval
Good
- Practical appl.
Bad
- excuses
- methodology
- gender
- falsifiable / pseudoscience / ID / temp valid
Media influence A01
recent issue
- more exposure = more A == active participant // rewarded - games
Media influence A02
Greitemeyer and Mugge: MA – 98 studies 2009, 37,000+ pps. == violent vs prosocial games == small average effect size == aggressive games = aggression etc. seen in all 98 studies (experimental, longitudinal, correlational).
Bjorkvist: expose 5-6 yr old Finnish children to violent vs non-violent films – violent film = higher physical aggression. Experimental.
Huesmann: 557 children (LONGITUDINAL) Chicago 1977 – 329 pps. 15 yrs later – habitual early exposure to media violence = both men and women predictive of later violent behaviours – regardless of EV.
Media Influence Eval
Good
- Practical appl.
Bad
- exaggeration
- cant ethically measure in lab
- sample
- causality
Media influences - D/D/CP (A01)
- desensitisation = less anxiety / physio arousal
- disinhibition = acceptable - inhibitions supressed
- cognitive priming = ideas more accessible
Media influences D/D/CG A02
Linz et al: repeated exposure to media then real violence == reduced physiological arousal (no heart rate increase)
Mullin and Linz: fewer negative attitudes towards violence in real life.
Zelli: priming by aggressive stimuli == individuals make hostile attributions which increase likelihood of aggressive behaviour.
Media influence D/D/CG Eval
D1 = Carnagey
Playing violent video games == 20 mins / post 10 min clip of real violence == reduced physiological arousal
// appl. —- corel. / catharsis? / ID
D2 = depends on factors (heath = pre norms)
CG = Bushman
15min violent clip = faster reaction to aggressive words
(Anderson and Dill)
Violent games play == greater accessibility to aggressive thoughts even after one game.
