Aggression

Question 1

Gene attributed to A A01

Answer 1

MAOA - monoamine oxidase A - metabolises S
- MAOA - L = more S
- MAOA - H = less S
= A

Question 2

how do you study genetic influence

Answer 2

• twin studies
• adoption studies

Question 3

twin study A02

Answer 3

Cocarro = 50% variance direct A in genes

Question 4

Adoption studies A02

Answer 4

• Hutchings and Mednick = 14,000 Danish adoptions – those with criminal fathers = more likely to be criminals.
• Brennan and Mednick = criminal boys = only bio link when crime = property no violence. == only violent (generally) when both bio / adoptive = violent.

Question 5

MAOA A02

Answer 5

(A02) = Brunner = Case Study – Netherlands = male borderline retardation – aggression – arson – rape == 5 male urine samples = low MAOA

(A02) = Caspi = longitudinal study – 500 boys == found 2 MAOA genes L/H

Question 6

MA for genetic influence

Answer 6

MA – A02 = Rhee and Waldman – 51 twin studies == largely genetic yet 7 factors such as age and operationalisation = moderated its influence.

There is a genetic link – other factors mediate this link.

Question 7

Genetic influence Eval

Answer 7

good
- Young - mice fierce gene

Bad
- causality
- sample
- external validity
- diathesis

Question 8

Hormonal influence A01

Answer 8

• Testosterone
  = Basal Model // T = D = A
  = Reciprocal Model = D = T = A

Cortisol = stress = high C = low T

Question 9

Hormonal influence A02 T

Answer 9

Mazur and Booth = reviewed studies – concluded men with more T = more likely to use weapons in fights.

Dabbs = measured salivary T levels in prisoners – violent vs non // Violent = high T // Non-violent = low T

Lindman = Drunk males who are violent = higher T

Archer = MA = 230 men – 5 studies weak positive correlation T/A - Supp = Book = MA weak positive correlation = (0.14) – 45 studies T/A

Question 10

Hormonal influence A02 C

Answer 10

Virkunnen low C in habitual violent offenders / violent children Tennes and Kreye.

Question 11

Hormonal influence Eval

Answer 11

Good
- Mcburnett - emp = low c = 3x more A
Bad
- reductionist
- gender bias
- Method
- Zurich = T also fair be // Bain = T same between murd/non

Question 12

Evolutionary explanations A01

Answer 12

EEA
Jealousy / cuckoldry
MSJ / infidelity
Evolved module homicide theory (Duntley/ Buss)
MRS = direct guarding / negative inducements

Question 13

Evolutionary exp. A02

Answer 13

Cascardi and Vivian = pp. stated that mostly jealousy == aggression

Shackleford == survey – 461 men / 560 women in US found high correlation between 2 retention strategies (DG / inter NI) MRS = linked to A

Dell = MSJ accounts for 17% of UK murders

Question 14

Evolutionary exp. Eval

Answer 14

Good
- Practical appl.

Bad
- excuses
- methodology
- gender
- falsifiable / pseudoscience / ID / temp valid

Question 15

Media influence A01

Answer 15

recent issue
- more exposure = more A == active participant // rewarded - games

Question 16

Media influence A02

Answer 16

Greitemeyer and Mugge: MA – 98 studies 2009, 37,000+ pps. == violent vs prosocial games == small average effect size == aggressive games = aggression etc. seen in all 98 studies (experimental, longitudinal, correlational).

Bjorkvist: expose 5-6 yr old Finnish children to violent vs non-violent films – violent film = higher physical aggression. Experimental.

Huesmann: 557 children (LONGITUDINAL) Chicago 1977 – 329 pps. 15 yrs later – habitual early exposure to media violence = both men and women predictive of later violent behaviours – regardless of EV.

Question 17

Media Influence Eval

Answer 17

Good
- Practical appl.

Bad
- exaggeration
- cant ethically measure in lab
- sample
- causality

Question 18

Media influences - D/D/CP (A01)

Answer 18

• desensitisation = less anxiety / physio arousal
• disinhibition = acceptable - inhibitions supressed
• cognitive priming = ideas more accessible

Question 19

Media influences D/D/CG A02

Answer 19

Linz et al: repeated exposure to media then real violence == reduced physiological arousal (no heart rate increase)

Mullin and Linz: fewer negative attitudes towards violence in real life.

Zelli: priming by aggressive stimuli == individuals make hostile attributions which increase likelihood of aggressive behaviour.

Question 20

Media influence D/D/CG Eval

Answer 20

D1 = Carnagey
Playing violent video games == 20 mins / post 10 min clip of real violence == reduced physiological arousal
// appl. —- corel. / catharsis? / ID

D2 = depends on factors (heath = pre norms)

CG = Bushman
15min violent clip = faster reaction to aggressive words
(Anderson and Dill)
Violent games play == greater accessibility to aggressive thoughts even after one game.