Soc/Emo Development in Middle Childhood (class complete) Flashcards
Describe emotional development in emotional childhood (5)
- frequency of negative emotional outbursts declines
- time of emotional contentment and stability
- better ability to understand others’ emotions
- better ability to control their own emotions
- improvements in self-regulation influenced by changes in demands of social environments
define self-concept
person’s perception and evaluation of himself or herself
- get more complex through middle childhood
- more understanding of the role of context
define social comparison
how persons view themselves in relation to others with regard to status, abilities, or achievements
- increases in middle childhood
- negative effect on self-esteem
define self-esteem
person’s overall sense of worth and well-being
- becomes more realistic (lower) in middle childhood
4 features associated with low self-esteem (correlation)
- problems with peers
- antisocial behaviour
- prone to psychological disorders (e.g., depression)
- less successful at school
what did (Robins & Trzesniewski, 2005) study?
Purpose: To review current evidence about development of self-esteem across the lifespan.
Two forms of change:
a) normative changes across age groups
b) stability of individual differences over time
what did (Robins & Trzesniewski, 2005) find about self-esteem stability over the lifespan?
Self-esteem as a stable “trait” - as stable as other personality characteristics
- less stable in childhood and old age - may be due to dramatic life changes
Selmann’s stages of perspective-taking (5)
- undifferentiated
- social-informational
- self-reflective
- third person
- societal
Selmann’s stages of perspective-taking: undifferentiated
ages 3-6
children know that self and others have different thoughts and feeling, but often confuse the two
Selmann’s stages of perspective-taking: social-informational
ages 4-9
children know that perspectives differ because people have access to different information
Selmann’s stages of perspective-taking: self-reflective
ages 7-12
children can step into another’s shoes and view themselves as others do; they know that others can do the same
Selmann’s stages of perspective-taking: third person
ages 10-15
children and adolescents can step outside the immediate situation to see how they and another person are viewed by a third person
Selmann’s stages of perspective-taking: societal
ages 14 +
adolescents realize that a third person’s perspective is influenced by broader personal, social, and cultural contexts
define empathy
ability to recognize and experience the emotions of others
a hypothetical construct
Components of empathy (3), and describe
cognitive - ability to recognize the emotions of others
affective - experience a similar emotional reaction as the other person
behavioural - tendency to behave in a way that is consistent with the emotion
define prosocial behaviour
positive behaviour toward others, including kindness, friendliness and sharing
define aggression
any behaviour that is intended to hurt someone, physically, emotionally, or verbally
what are the main features of conduct disorder
violates rules, norms and rights of others
an externalizing disorder
define externalizing disorder
a disorder in which symptoms are directed outward - disruptive to others in the environment
What are the 4 symptom clusters in conduct disorder in DSM-5?
4 clusters of 15 symptoms:
- aggression to people and animals
- destruction of property
- deceitfulness or theft
- serious violations of rules
What is the prevalence of conduct disorder?
DSM-5: 2% - 10% (median 4%) Systematic Review (DSM-IV): 0.7% - 9.2% (10 studies)
Describe Oppositional Defiant Disorder
3 clusters of 8 symptoms:
- angry/irritable mood (frequent)
- argumentative/defiant
- vindictiveness (at least twice in past 6 mo.)
What is the prevalence of Oppositional Defiant Disorder?
DSM-5: 1.1% - 11% (average 3.3%)
What did Hong et al. (2015) study?
which disruptive behaviours in preschool were normal and which predicted persistent problems
What characteristics were more likely in children with school-age Conduct Disorder: (vs. non-CD)
(Hong et al.)
- older
- lower family income
- more history of abuse/neglect
- less likely to have intact family
- more history of depression
Which behaviours are markers of preschool conduct disorder?
High-intensity
define psychopathology
the problems people face due to psychological
disorders, and the scientific study of psychological abnormality
define psychopathy
a personality disorder characterized by a lack of
empathy, shallow affect, impulsivity, irresponsibility, and manipulative behaviour (similar to antisocial personality disorder)
define psychosis
refers to being out of touch with reality; experiencing sensations that have no physical basis (e.g., hallucinations), displaying incoherent speech and/or inappropriate behaviour
