10. Social/Emotional Dev't in Preschoolers Flashcards
1
Q
When do kids start to develop a sense of self?
A
15-18 months
2
Q
What characterizes how toddlers define themselves?
A
Focus on characteristics that are observable and concrete.
3
Q
Define social role
A
A set of cultural guidelines for how a person should behave.
4
Q
Define gender roles
A
The culturally-prescribed roles considered appropriate for males/females.
- one of the earliest learned social roles
5
Q
Define gender stereotypes
A
Beliefs about how males/females differ in personality, traits, interests, behaviours
- may or may not be true
6
Q
Define instrumental traits
A
Traits that reflect active involvement with and influence over the environment.
7
Q
Define expressive traits
A
Traits that reflect emotional functioning and a focus on interpersonal relations.
8
Q
Men are usually associated with ___ traits.
Women are usually associated with ___ traits.
A
Instrumental
Expressive
9
Q
How do preschoolers see gender stereotypes?
A
As rigid guidelines that are binding for all boys/girls.
10
Q
Define gender identity
A
perception of oneself as either male or female (or other?)
11
Q
According to social learning theorists (Bandura), how do children learn gender roles?
A
reinforcement and observational learning
12
Q
How do mothers/fathers tend to differ in their treating male/female children?
A
Mothers: respond based on knowledge of the individual child
Father: respond based on gender stereotypes
13
Q
How do peers contribute to learning gender roles?
A
- critical of cross-gender play
- once rules are learned, harshly punish violations
- ages 2-3: preference for same-gender play
14
Q
What are 3 distinct features of same-gender play
A
- spontaneous, child-driven
- resistant to parent efforts to the contrary
- prevalent even in neutral games
15
Q
Why does Maccoby think kids tend to same-gender play?
A
- boys’ style of play is aversive to girls: boys prefer rough-and-tumble/competitive, girls not as much
- girls’ style of play is ineffective with boys (enabling as opposed to constricting)
16
Q
Define enabling
A
Interactions that tend to support others and sustain the interaction
17
Q
Define constricting
A
Interactions that result in one partner threatening, contradicting, or dominating the other (e.g. winning)
18
Q
What is the effect of gender-based play?
A
- solidifies child’s emerging gender identity
- sharpens the contrast between M/F
19
Q
What are 3 influences on gender-role learning
A
- parents
- peers
- TV
20
Q
Why does gender stereotyping have more influence on children than adults?
A
As we age, we are exposed to more experiences overall, which decreases the overall impact of media messages.
21
Q
According to Kholberg, what 3 elements does understanding of development involve:
A
- gender labeling
- gender stability
- gender consistency
22
Q
define gender labeling
A
Age 2-3
Learning to name who is a boy and who is a girl
23
Q
define gender stability
A
Preschool years
Understanding that a person’s natural gender does not change
24
Q
define gender consistency
A
Ages 4-7
Understanding that maleness or femaleness do not change based on situations or personal wishes (e.g. clothing or toys)
25
define gender constancy
The knowledge that gender can be identified, is stable, and remains consistent over time.
- Kohlberg: this is requires before kids fully develop gender-stereotyping of activities
26
define gender-schema theory
Using gender-based information to decide whether an activity or object is worth learning more about.
- once gender is understood, the world is viewed through a gender-based lens.
27
In Erikson's psychosocial development theory, what happens for young children?
- realize taking initiative can lead to conflict with others
- purpose is achieved with a balance between initiative and cooperation
- self-esteem is a byproduct
28
define self-esteem
feelings about personal worth
29
Describe self-esteem in preschoolers
- at it's peak
| - drops when children enter school
30
Features of the family systems theory
- family as a system of interacting elements
- parents influence children directly and indirectly
- children influence parents
- family is embedded in other social systems
31
What are two general dimensions of parental behaviour?
| and others
1. degree of warmth/responsiveness
2. amount of control
Others:
- mental & physical health
- child's needs
- prosocial network of supportive relationships
32
What three factors are the basis for a balanced approach to control?
- age-appropriate expectations
- consistency
- communication
33
What are the 4 prototypical parenting styles?
1. Authoritarian
2. Authoritative
3. Indulgent-permissive
4. Indifferent-uninvolved
34
Describe authoritarian parenting
High control
Low responsiveness/warmth
- Expect rules to be followed without discussion - no room for compromise
- Value hard work, respect, obedience.
- rigidly punish disobedience
- little display of love and warmth to children
- may be hostile toward children
35
Describe authoritative parenting
```
Reasonable (moderate to high) control
High warmth/responsiveness.
- set clear rules, expectations, consequences
- Explain rules, encourage discussion.
- not as rigid in application of rules
- willing to negotiate and discuss issues
- warm and loving toward children
- responsive to children’s needs
```
36
Describe indulgent-permissive parenting
Low demandingness
High warmth/responsiveness
- Accept children's behaviour (lots of freedom, not a lot of clear rules and expectations)
- Consequences for misbehaviour are rare: do not believe in strict discipline and control
- provide lots of love and warmth
37
Describe indifferent-uninvolved parenting
Low parental involvement (low warmth)
Low control (uninvolved).
- Provide for basic needs, but little else
- also described as “disengaged” parenting
- little time or emotion devoted to parenting
- tend not to set a lot of rules
- do not correct or limit children’s behaviour
- little expression of love and warmth
38
Describe the effect of authoritarian parenting
Children have lower self-esteem, less socially-skilled, dependent, passive, conforming.
- In poverty, this style can protect children.
39
Describe the effect of authoritative parenting
Children are responsible, self-reliant, friendly, creative.
40
Describe the effect of indulgent-permissive parenting
Children are impulsive and easily frustrated; irresponsible, conforming, immature.
41
Describe the effect of indifferent-uninvolved parenting
Children have low self-esteem; impulsive, moody, and aggressive; behavioural problems.
42
What 3 behavioural techniques can parents use to influence their children?
1. direct instruction
2. modelling
3. feedback
43
What is direct instruction?
Telling a child what to do, when, and why; "coaching"
- Can involve asking the child, discussing options and implications
- Explain links between emotion and behaviour
- Teach how to navigate tricky social situations
44
What is modelling?
Learning by observing, including:
- counterimitation
- disinhibition/inhibition
45
Define counterimitation
Learning by observing what should NOT be done.
46
Define disinhibition
An increase in all behaviours like those observed, particularly aggression.
47
Define inhibition
A decrease in one or more types of behaviour.
48
Describe feedback
Parents indicate whether a behaviour is appropriate and should continue/reoccur, or is inappropriate and should stop.
49
Define reinforcement
Any action that increases the likelihood of reoccurrence.
50
Define punishment
Any action that decreases the likelihood of reoccurrence.
51
Define negative reinforcement trap
reinforcing the very behaviours that are targeted for elimination:
- parent tells child to do something
- child resists
- parent removes to original request to stop the resistant behaviour
52
Punishment works best when...
- administered immediately
- consistent
- with explanation
- if within a warm, affectionate relationship
53
Drawbacks of punishment
- can escalate into abuse
- suppressive: only temporary if the children do not learn replacement behaviours
- undesirable side effects: message can get lost when kids are upset
- children might imitate punishing behaviour (e.g. hitting)
- does not teach a new, more appropriate behaviour
54
What is a time-out?
A punish in which the child has to sit alone in a quiet, unstimulating environment, or is excluded for a short time from a desirable activity.
- one minute per year of age
- follow by explaining
55
What is time-away?
Being diverted from a conflict-generating activity to some other, usually quieter, activity.
- more of a diversion that a consequence
56
What are the 5 styles of grandparenting?
1. Formal - express strong interest, but hand-off
2. Fun-seeking - primary source of fun, but avoid serious interactions
3. Distant - little contact
4. Dispensing-family-wisdom - provide info/advice to parents/grandchildren
5. Surrogate-parent - assume roles/responsibilities of a parent
57
What does research on same-sex parents tell us?
Quality of family relationships is a more important factor than sexual orientation (children are the same regardless of homo/hetero family structure).
58
Characteristics of first-born children
- parents have higher expectations
- more affectionate and more punitive
- children score higher on IQ tests
- more likely to go to college/uni
- more willing to conform to parents' expectations
59
Characteristics of later-born children
- more realistic expectations
- more relaxed in discipline
- less concerned with pleasing adults, need to get along with older siblings, so:
more popular
- more innovative
60
Characteristics of only children
- more likely to succeed in school
| - higher levels of intelligence, leadership, autonomy, maturity
61
Describe sibling relationships over time
- established early
| - stable
62
What factors contribute to the quality of sibling relationship?
- children's temperament
- gender (more harmonious between same gender)
- age - improve as younger reaches adolescence
- parents - fair treatment to all; intervention
- relationship between parents
63
What kind of play is the norm for preschool children?
cooperative play
64
How do preschoolers resolve conflict
typically with aggression - hitting, pushing, biting, kicking
65
Define bullying
Unprovoked aggression, with the sole goal of gaining power over some one by verbal, social, or physical harassment.
66
How do preschoolers show prosocial behaviour
Concern for hurts, comfort by hugging or trying to find source of upset.
67
What purpose does make-believe play play?
- Entertainment
- Expresses cultural values
- Promotes cognitive development (language, memory, reasoning, theory of mind)
- Promotes social competency
- Emotion exploration/regulation
68
Describe imaginary companions
- common (2/3 kids)
- positive social correlations: more sociable, more real friends
- no impact on real/imaginary distinction
69
Describe solitary play
- normal and healthy
| - wandering and hovering are not heathy - may be signs of anxiety
70
Describe parental influence in play
- can scaffold children's play by getting involved
- can help mediate - children play longer and more cooperatively (scaffolding with social skills)
- coach - teach social skills
- attachment provides the child with an inner working model of relationship
71
How does self-control develop according to Kopp?
Infancy: learn self-soothing thru parental regulatory activities
1. age 1: learn that there are external limits
2. age 2: capable of some self-control away from parent
3. age 3: children can devise way to self-regulate
* individual differences
72
How do parents influence children's self-control?
- strict parents - less self-control in children because accustomed to external control
- better self-control when parents encourage independence in decision-making
- develop better self control when rewards/consequences are reliable and consistent
73
What factors influence self-control
- parental influences
| - temperament
74
How does temperament influence self-control?
- difficulty moderating emotions = difficulty regulating behaviour
- anxiety = more compliance, natural inhibition
- fearless/bold children respond to teaching from ppl with a strong attachment relationship
75
2 strategies to resist temptation
1. remind yourself of the long-term goal
| 2. reduce attraction of the tempting event
76
Define delay of gratification
the ability to hold off on immediate satisfaction in order to obtain a larger reward later.
77
Define social conventions
arbitrary standards of behaviour agreed to by a cultural group to facilitate interactions within the group
78
Define moral rules
not arbitrary, designed to protect people
79
Describe moral development in preschoolers
- by age 3, distinguish moral rules from social conventions
| - know the difference between lies and mistakes
80
Define extinction
A way of reducing a behaviour (ignoring) where there is a gradual reduction and disappearance of the behaviour because the behaviour is no longer followed by a reinforcer
81
Define extinction burst
an increase in responding/intensity of response that occurs during extinction
-> extinction may produce aggressive behaviour
82
What are 9 ways to guide children's behaviour in a healthy way?
1. develop a warm, affectionate relationship
2. clear directions and fair rules
3. give instruction and guidance so they can do it on their own; don’t order them around
4. clear and fair consequences for behaviour; stick to them
5. explain your requests
6. modelling
7. give them a choice (a sense of control)
8. positive reinforcement when children do well
9. ignore rather than punish mild inappropriate behaviour (e.g., whining)
83
Define parenting styles
practices that parents exhibit in relation to their children and their beliefs about those practices
84
Define the concept of demandingness/control
degree to which parents set down rules and expectations for behaviour and require their children to comply with them
85
Define the concept of warmth/responsiveness
degree to which parents are sensitive to their children’s needs and express love, warmth, and concern for them
86
Describe the harmonious parenting style.
Egalitarian.
Had control, but did not exercise control.
Children score high on intelligence tests.
