11. Physical Dev't in Middle Childhood Flashcards
When is middle childhood?
ages 7-11
Describe physical growth in middle childhood
steady pace
3.5 kg/year
5-7.5 cm/year
Girls reach puberty faster, and grow faster then
Discuss growth hormone treatment (3 points)
- for kids whose bodies don’t produce enough growth hormones
- growth spurt followed by faster growth that before
- widespread, but some skepticism about end result (still short), value for investment, side effects
How many calories/day (average)?
2400
Effects of malnutrition or subnutrition
- slowed growth
- irritability
- sickness
- missed school
- trouble remembering and concentrating
define obesity
physical state of being 20% over ideal body weight, given age and height
how is obesity related to self-esteem?
- lower body-esteem and self-esteem in older obese children (not younger)
- related not to actual weight, but to feelings about appearance
how is obesity related to class?
- in Canada, lower SES are at higher risk of obesity
- physical activity lowers risk
- TV-watching and video-games increase risk (also type 2 diabetes)
- Health Canada recognizes a childhood obesity epidemic
how is obesity related to heredity?
- more closely linked to biological than adoptive parents
- genes influence activity level and basal metabolic rate
define basal metabolic rate
the speed at which the body consumes calories
What factors increase risk of obesity?
- class / lifestyle
- heredity
- environment
What three factors are common to effective obesity-reduction programs?
- focus on changing eating and behavioural habits
- self-monitoring (eating, exercise); goals and rewards
- training parents on assisting with goal-setting and behavioural change; parental self-monitoring
When are primary teeth replaced by permanent teeth?
Age 5/6-12
Why is tooth care important?
Decay in baby teeth can work down into the permanent teeth.
What foods is dental care most important for?
Foods high in starches and simple carbohydrates - these stimulate acid that erodes enamel.
What’s the deal with flouride?
- thought to prevent decay, so added to toothpaste and water
- also a teratogen if in too high of doses
Define malocclusion (causes)
when permanent upper and lower teeth don’t meet properly
- causes: heredity, accident, early loss of primary teeth, thumb-sucking, permanent teeth crooked/crowded
What happens to the eustachian tube in middle childhood?
(links inner ear to upper throat)
- becomes more long and curvy, helping reduce incidence of ear infection
define myopia
near-sightedness (near vision is clear; distant vision is blurry)
- emerges 8-12 years
how many children are myopic?
25%
Describe Salman’s work regarding the role of the cerebellum in motor skills
It mediates motor movements, sensory perception, and precise timing needed to carry out an activity like kicking a ball. This emphasizes that development occurs in multiple systems and requires careful coordination by the central nervous system.
Describe gender differences in motor skills
- girls tend to excel at fine motor skills, flexibility, and balance
- boys excel in gross-motor skills requiring balance
- girl develop more fat and less muscle
- many people emphasize sports more with boys
what are benefits of being physically active for children?
- muscle/bone growth
- cardiovascular health
- establishes a lifelong habit of exercise
besides exercise, what are other benefits of sports?
- social skills - team work
- cognitive skills - strategies, new rules
What does CFLRI stand for
Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle research Institute
what did the CFLRI find out?
- in PE class, children spend 20% of time standing around
- only 16% of schools offer PE daily
- only 40% of those classes are taught by a PE teacher
- often families have to pay for equipment (esp. low-SES)
What is the role of the adults in children’s sports?
- when they encourage players and emphasize skill development, improves skills and increases self-esteem
- when they emphasize winning, children lose interest and drop out
why are middle-childhood children at risk for injury?
improved motor skills + independence
- resist efforts from parents to keep them safe
