7. Social/Emotional Dev't in Infants & Toddlers Flashcards
6 basic emotions
happiness, anger, surprise, fear, disgust, sadness
- appear early in infancy
emotion
subjective feeling
+ physiological change
+ overt behaviour
complex emotions
pride, guilt, shame/embarrassment
- have an evaluative component
- expressed differently depending on culture
- 18-24 mo.
social smiles
smiles at some one, or when some one comes in sight
- starts around 2 mo.
- sometimes accompanied by cooing
- expression of pleasure at seeing some one
laughter
- 4 mo. - physical stimulation (tickle)
- 1 yr. - unexpected turns of event during familiar - psychological stimulation
anger
distinct at 4-6 mo.
- when something is taken away, or with frustration
stranger wariness
first distinct fear response
- 6 mo.
- related to attachment
when do babies start to distinguish emotions in others?
6-7 months
social referencing
looking to a trusted caregiver for clues about how to react to a situation
when does emotion regulation start
4-6 mo.
- turn away from frightening things
- move closer to caregiver (fear)
attachment
an enduring social-emotional relationship with a responsive caring person who is consistently available to the child
John Bowlby
ethologist who argued that children who form an attachment to an adult are more likely to survive
- infant behaviour has evolved to elicit caregiving
influences on attachment in infancy
- synchronization
- attentiveness & responsiveness
- mental health
age by which an attachment is established
- 6-7 mo. infants have identified the primary attachment figure
- 8-9 mo. attachment established between mother/child
internal working model
a set of expectations about parents’ availability and responsivity generally and in times of stress
- impacts relationships throughout life
- can change over the lifespan
Canadian infants wrt mothers/fathers
- father usually spends more time playing
- mother more time taking care
- father play more physical, mother play more reading, talking, interactive games
- fathers preferred for play, mothers for comfort
Mary Ainsworth
- studied attachment at U. of T.
- Strange Situation - a series of 3-min stages where the mother leaves the child in a room and then returns
- identified 4 primary attachment types
4 attachment types
- secure
- avoidant
- anxious/resistant
- disorganized
secure attachment
- baby may or may not cry when mom leaves
- when she returns, baby wants to be with her
- mom’s return is soothing
- 60-65%
avoidant attachment (insecure)
- baby is not upset when mom leaves
- ignores her on return
- 20%
anxious/resistant attachment (insecure)
- baby is upset when mom leaves
- upset when she returns
- not easily soothed by her
- 10-15%
disorganized (disoriented) attachment (insecure)
- baby confused when mom leaves and returns
- 5-10%
consequences of quality of attachment
lay foundation for later relationships
- secure = confident preschoolers; higher quality friendships, fewer conflicts in friendships; superior understanding of emotions, better ability to regulate emotions, more emotional expressiveness
- insecure = social problems as preschoolers; more likely to have behavioural problems
factors determining quality of attachment
- parents are attentive, responsive, dependable, and caring = trust is established
- parents’ infant attachment to their own parents
- autonomous attachment type
- infant’s temperament (difficult babies are taxing)
- mother flexibility
three groups of parents wrt attachment to attachment relationships with their own parents
- autonomous - describe childhood objectively, positive and negative
- dismissive - describe childhood in general terms, ideal parents
- preoccupied - describe childhood emotionally, anger or confusion about their parents
reactive attachment disorder
a mental disorder involving disturbances in emotional functioning and a pattern of inappropriate interpersonal behaviours in children, thought to result from disrupted early attachment
privation
a condition in which the basic necessities and comforts of life are not adequately provided
how does peer interaction progress in year 1?
- 6 mo: look, smile, point
- over the next months, babble when with other infants
- 6-10 mo: evaluation of behaviour of others
non-social play
playing alone, or watching but not playing
parallel play
playing alone but near others, while maintaining an interest in others
- starting around a year
simple social play
interacting socially during play activities (talk, smile, offer toys)
- 15-18 mo
co-operative play
play organized around a theme, involves kids taking roles based on that theme
- around 2 y
self-concept
attitudes, behaviours, and values that a person believes make the self unique
self-recognition stages
- 1 yr: baby responds to baby in the mirror & touch a red mark on the baby’s face
- 15 mo: babies touch their own face when they see the red mark in the mirror
- look more at photos of themselves than others
- refer to themselves by name or with a personal pronoun
temperament
a baby’s consistent mood and style of behaviour
Thomas and Chess temperament categories
- easy - usually happy, adjusted well to new situations, regular routines for eating, sleeping, toileting (40%)
- difficult - often unhappy, not adjust well to new situations, irregular routines, withdraw from new things, intense reactions (10%)
- slow-to-warm-up - unhappy and did not adjust well to new situations, but did not respond intensely and were inactive (15%)
The rest were in no category / average on test dimensions
9 dimensions of temperament in the NY longitudinal study
- activity level
- rhythmicity
- approach/withdrawal
- distractibility
- adaptability
- intensity of reaction
- mood
- threshold
- attention span and persistence
Buss and Plomin temperament categories
- emotionality - the strength of an emotional response to a situation, how easily it’s triggered, how easily returned to original state
- activity - the tempo and vigour of their movements
- sociability how social
Schmidt and Fox temperament categories
- bold/exuberant
2. shy/socially withdrawn
