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xxx Term 1: SOC 110 Introduction to Sociology > SOC Chapter 13: Education and Religion AND Chapter 14: Population and Urbanization > Flashcards

SOC Chapter 13: Education and Religion AND Chapter 14: Population and Urbanization Flashcards

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1
Q

Credential Society

Chapter 13, page 411

A

the use of diplomas and degrees to determine who is eligible for jobs, even though the diploma or degree may be irrelevant to the actual work

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2
Q

Mandatory Education Laws

Chapter 13, page 414

A

laws that require all children to attend school until a specified age or until they complete a minimum grade in school

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3
Q

Cultural Capital

Chapter 13. page 414

A

privileges accompanying a social location that help someone in life;

included are more highly educated parents, from grade school through high school being pushed to bring home high grades, and enjoying cultural experiences that translate into higher test scores, better jobs, and higher earnings

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4
Q

Manifest Functions

Chapter 13, page 416

A

the intended beneficial consequences of people’s actions

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5
Q

Latent Functions

Chapter 13, page 416

A

unintended beneficial consequences of people’s actions

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6
Q

Cultural Transmission of Values

Chapter 13, page 416

A

the process of transmitting values from one group to another;

often refers to how cultural traits are transmitted across generations;

in education, the ways in which schools transmit a society’s culture, especially its core values

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7
Q

Inclusion

Chapter 13, page 417

A

helping people to become part of the mainstream of society;

also called mainstreaming

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8
Q

Social Placement

Chapter 13, page 417

A

a function of education - funneling people into a society’s various positions

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9
Q

Gatekeeping

Chapter 13, page 418

A

the process by which education opens and closes doors of opportunity;

another term for the social placement function of education

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10
Q

Tracking

Chapter 13, page 418

A

the sorting of students into different educational programs on the basis of real or perceived abilities

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11
Q

Hidden Curriculum

Chapter 13, page 419

A

the unwritten goals of schools, such as teaching obedience to authority and conformity to cultural norms

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12
Q

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Chapter 13, page 421

A

Robert Merton’s term for an originally false assertion that becomes true simply because it was predicted

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13
Q

Grade Inflation

Chapter 13, page 424

A

higher grades given for the same work;

a general rise in student grades without corresponding increase in learning

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14
Q

Social Promotion

Chapter 13, page 424

A

passing student on to the next level even though they have not mastered basic materials

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15
Q

Functional Illiteracy

Chapter 13, page 424

A

refers to high school graduates who have difficulty with basic reading and math

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16
Q

Sacred

Chapter 13, page 428

A

Durkheim’s term for things set apart or forbidden that inspire fear, awe, reverence or deep respect

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17
Q

Profane

Chapter 13, page 428

A

Durkheim’s term for common elements of everyday life

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18
Q

Religion

Chapter 13, page 428

A

according to Durkheim, beliefs and practices that separate the profane from the sacred and unite its adherents into a moral community

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19
Q

Church

Chapter 13, page 428

A

according to Durkheim, one of the three essential elements of religion - a moral community of believers;

also refers to a large, highly organized religious group that has formal, sedate worship services with little emphasis on evangelism, intense religious experience, or personal conviction

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20
Q

Rituals

Chapter 13, page 431

A

ceremonies or repetitive practices; in religion, observances or rites often intended to evoke a sense of awe of the sacred

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21
Q

Cosmology

Chapter 13, page 431

A

teachings or ideas that provide a unified picture of the world

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22
Q

Religious Experience

Chapter 13, page 431

A

a sudden awareness of the supernatural or a feeling of coming in contact with God

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23
Q

Born Again

Chapter 13, page 434

A

a term describing Christians who have undergone a religious experience so life transforming that they feel they have become a new person

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24
Q

Modernization

Chapter 13, page 435

A

the transformation of traditional societies into industrial societies

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25
Q

Spirit of Capitalism

Chapter 13, page 435

A

Weber’s term for the desire to accumulate capital - not to spend it, but as an end in itself - and to constantly reinvest it

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26
Q

Protestant Ethic

Chapter 13, page 435

A

Weber’s term to describe the ideal of a self-denying, highly moral life accompanied by thrift and hard work

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27
Q

Cult

Chapter 13, page 436

A

a new religion with few followers, whose teachings and practices put it at odds with the dominant culture and religion

28
Q

Charismatic Leader

Chapter 13, page 437

A

literally, someone to whom God has given a gift;

in its extended sense, someone who exerts extraordinary appeal to a group of followers

29
Q

Charisma

Chapter 13, page 437

A

literally, ab extraordinary gift from God;

more commonly, an outstanding, “magnetic” personality

30
Q

Sect

Chapter 13, page 438

A

a religious group larger than a cult that still feels substantial hostility from and toward society

31
Q

Ecclesia

Chapter 13, page 439

A

a religious group so integrated into the dominant culture that it is difficult to tell where the one begins and the other leaves off;

also called a state religion

32
Q

Demography

Chapter 14, page 447

A

the study of the size, composition, growth (or shrinkage), and distribution of human populations

33
Q

Malthus Theorem

Chapter 14, page 447

A

an observation by Thomas Malthus that although the food supply increases arithmetically (from 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 and so on), population grows geometrically (from 2 to 4 to 8 to 16 and so forth)

34
Q

Exponential Growth Curve

Chapter 14, page 447

A

a pattern of growth in which numbers double during approximately equal intervals, showing a steep acceleration in the later stages

35
Q

Demographic Transition

Chapter 14, page 449

A

a three-stage process of change in the size of populations:
first, high birth rates and high death rates;
second, high birth rates and low death rates;
and third, low birth rates and low death rates;

a fourth stage of population shrinkage in which deaths outnumber births has made its appearance in the Most Industrialized Nations

36
Q

Population Shrinkage

Chapter 14, page 451

A

the process by which a country’s population becomes smaller because its birth rate and immigration are too low to replace those who die and emigrate

37
Q

Population Pyramid

Chapter 14, page 456

A

a graph that represents the age and sex of a population

see Figure 14.7

38
Q

Demographic Variables

Chapter 14, page 456

A

the three factors that change the size of a population:

fertility, mortality, and net migration

39
Q

Fertility Rate

Chapter 14, page 456

A

the number of children that the average woman bears

40
Q

Fecundity

Chapter 14, page 456

A

the number of children that women are capable of bearing

41
Q

Crude Birth Rate

Chapter 14, page 457

A

the annual number of live births per 1,000 population

42
Q

Crude Death Rate

Chapter 14, page 457

A

the annual number of deaths per 1,000 population

43
Q

Net Migration Rate

Chapter 14, page 457

A

the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants per 1,000 per population

44
Q

Basic Demographic Equation

Chapter 14, page 459

A

the growth rate equals births minus deaths plus net migration

45
Q

Growth Rate

Chapter 14, page 459

A

the net change in a population after adding births, subtracting deaths, and either adding or subtracting net migration;

can result in a negative number

46
Q

Zero Population Growth

Chapter 14, page 461

A

women bearing only enough children to reproduce the population

47
Q

City

Chapter 14, page 463

A

a place in which a large number of people are permanently based and do not produce their own food

48
Q

Urbanization

Chapter 14, page 463

A

the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities and has a growing influence on the culture

49
Q

Metropolis

Chapter 14, page 466

A

a central city surrounded by smaller cities and their suburbs

50
Q

Megalopolis

Chapter 14, page 466

A

an urban area consisting of at least two metropolises and their many suburbs

51
Q

Megacity

Chapter 14, page 466

A

a city of 10 million or more residents

52
Q

Megaregion

Chapter 14, page 466

A

a merging of megacities and nearby

53
Q

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

Chapter 14, page 466

A

a central city and the urbanized countries adjacent to it

54
Q

Edge City

Chapter 14, page 468

A

a large clustering of service facilities and residential areas near highway intersections that provides a sense of place to people who live, shop, and work there

55
Q

Gentrification

Chapter 14, page 468

A

middle-class people moving into a rundown area of a city, displacing the poor as they buy and restore homes

56
Q

Suburbanization

Chapter 14, page 470

A

the migration of people from the city to the suburbs

57
Q

Suburb

Chapter 14, page 470

A

a community adjacent to a city

58
Q

Human Ecology

Chapter 14, page 470

A

Robert Park’s term for the relationship between people and their environment (such as land and structures);

also known as urban ecology

59
Q

Invasion-Succession Cycle

Chapter 14, page 470

A

the process of one group of people displacing another group whose racial-ethnic or social class characteristics differ from their own

60
Q

Alienation

Chapter 14, page 473

A

Marx’s term for workers’ lack of connection to the product of their labor;

caused by workers being assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product, leads ti a sense of powerlessness and normlessness;

others use the term in the general sense of not feeling a part of something

61
Q

Redlining

Chapter 14, page 477

A

a decision by the officers of a financial institution not to make loans in a particular area

62
Q

Disinvestment

Chapter 14, page 477

A

the withdrawal of investments by financial institutions, which seals the fate of an urban area

63
Q

Deindustrialization

Chapter 14, page 477

A

the process of industries moving out of a country or region

64
Q

Urban Renewal

Chapter 14, page 477

A

the rehabilitation of a rundown area, which usually results in the displacement of the poor who are living in that area

65
Q

Enterprise Zone

Chapter 14, page 478

A

the zone of economic incentives in a designated area to encourage investiment

xxx Term 1: SOC 110 Introduction to Sociology (13 decks)

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