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xxx Term 1: SOC 110 Introduction to Sociology > SOC Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective > Flashcards

SOC Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define: Sociological Perspective

A

understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context.

Chapter 1, Page 3

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2
Q

Define: Society

A

people who share a culture and a territory

Chapter 1, Page 3

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3
Q

Define: Social Location

A

the group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society

Chapter 1, Page 3

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4
Q

Define: Positivism

A

the application of the scientific approach to the social world

Chapter 1, Page 5

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5
Q

Define: Sociology

A

the scientific study of society and human behavior

Chapter 1, Page 5

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6
Q

Define: Class conflict.

A

Marx’s term for the struggle between capitalists and workers

Chapter 1, Page 6

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7
Q

Define: Bourgeoisie

A

Marx’s term for capitalists, those who own the means of production

Chapter 1, Page 6

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8
Q

Define: Proletariat

A

Marx’s term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

Chapter 1, Page 6

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9
Q

Define: Patterns of behavior

A

recurring behaviors or events

Chapter 1, Page 7

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10
Q

Define: Social Integration

A

The degree to which people are tied to their social groups

Chapter 1, Page 7
* bold in text

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11
Q

Define: Basic (or Pure) Sociology

A

sociological research for the purpose of making discoveries about life in human groups, not for making changes in those groups.

Chapter 1, Page 12

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12
Q

Define: Applied sociology

A

the use of sociology to solve problems - from the micro level of classroom interaction and family relationships to the macro level of crime and pollution

Chapter 1, Page 12

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13
Q

Define: Public sociology

A

applying sociology for the public good; especially the use of the sociological perspective (how things are related to one another) to guide politicians and policy makers.

Chapter 1, Page 12

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14
Q

Define: Theory

A

a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another

Chapter 1, Page 12

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15
Q

Define: Symbolic Interactionism

A

a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another

Chapter 1, Page 14

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16
Q

Define: Functional Analysis

A

a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society’s equilibrium; also known as functionalism and structural functionalism

Chapter 1, Page 15

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17
Q

Define: Conflict Theory

A

a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources

Chapter 1, Page 18

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18
Q

Define: Macro-Level Analysis

A

an examination of large-scale patterns of society; such as how Wall Street and the political establishment are interrelated

Chapter 1, Page 19

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19
Q

Define: Micro-Level Analysis

A

an examination of small-scale patterns of society; such as how the members of a group interact

Chapter 1, Page 19

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20
Q

Define: Social Interaction

A

one person’s actions influencing someone else; usually refers to what people do when they are in one another’s presence, but also includes communications at a distance

Chapter 1, Page 19

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21
Q

Define: Nonverbal Interaction

A

communication without words through gestures, use of space, silence, and so on

Chapter 1, Page 19

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22
Q

Define: Hypothesis

A

a statement of how variables are expected to be related to one another, often according to predictions from a theory

Chapter 1, Page 22

23
Q

Define: Variable

A

a factor thought to be significant for human behavior, which can vary (or change) from one case to another

Chapter 1, Page 22

24
Q

Define: Operational Definition

A

the way in which a researcher measures a variable

Chapter 1, Page 22

25
Q

Define: Research Method (or Research Design)

A

one of seven procedures that sociologists use to collect data: surveys, participant observation, case studies, secondary analysis, analysis of documents, experiments, and unobtrusive measures

Chapter 1, Page 22

26
Q

Define: Validity

A

the extent to which an operational definition measures what it is intended to measure

Chapter 1, Page 22

27
Q

Define: Reliability

A

the extent to which research produces consistent or dependable results

Chapter 1, Page 23

28
Q

Define: Survey

A

the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions

Chapter 1, Page 25

29
Q

Define: Population

A

a target group to be studied

Chapter 1, Page 25

30
Q

Define: Sample

A

the individuals intended to represent the population to be studied

Chapter 1, Page 26

31
Q

Define: Random Sample

A

a sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study

Chapter 1, Page 26

32
Q

Define: Stratified Random Sample

A

a sample from selected subgroups of the target population in which everyone in those subgroups has an equal chance of being included in the research

Chapter 1, Page 26

33
Q

Define: Respondents

A

people who respond to a survey, either in interviews or by self administered questionnaires

Chapter 1, Page 26

34
Q

Define: Rapport (Ruh-POUR)

A

a feeling of trust between researchers and the people they are studying.

Chapter 1, Page 26

35
Q

Define: Participant Observation (or Fieldwork)

A

research in which the researcher participates in a research setting while observing what is happening in that setting

Chapter 1, Page 28

36
Q

Define: Case Study

A

an intensive analysis of a single event, situation, or individual

Chapter 1, Page 28

37
Q

Define: Documents

A

in its narrow sense, written sources that provide data; in its extended sense, archival material of any sort, including photographs, movies, CDs, DVDs, and so on

Chapter 1, Page 30

38
Q

Define: Experimental Group

A

the group of subjects in an experiment who are exposed to the independent variable

Chapter 1, Page 30

39
Q

Define: Control Group

A

the subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable

Chapter 1, Page 30

40
Q

Define: Independent Variable

A

a factor that causes a change in another variable, called the dependent variable

Chapter 1, Page 30

41
Q

Define: Dependent Variable

A

a factor in an experiment that is changed by an independent variable

Chapter 1, Page 30

42
Q

Define: Unobtrusive Measures

A

ways of observing people so they do not know they are being studied

Chapter 1, Page 32

43
Q

Define: Globalization of Capitalism

A

capitalism (investing to make profits within a rational system) becoming the globe’s dominant economic system

Chapter 1, Page 36

44
Q

Who is: Auguste Comte (1798 - 1857)

A

Credited as the founder of sociology. began to analyze the bases of the social order. Although he stressed that the scientific method should be applied to the study of society, he did not apply it himself.

Chapter 1, Page 5

45
Q

Who is: Herbert Spencer (1820 - 1903)

A

Sometimes called the second founder of sociology, coined the term “survival of the fittest.” Spencer thought that helping the poor was wrong, that is merely helped the “less fit” survive.

Chapter 1, Page 6

46
Q

Who is: Karl Marx (1818 - 1883)

A

Believed that the roots of human misery lay in class conflict, the exploitation of workers by those who own the means of production. Social change, in the form of the workers overthrowing the capitalists was inevitable from Marx’s perspective.

Although Marx did not consider himself a sociologist, his ideas have influenced many sociologists, particular conflict theorists.

Chapter 1, Page 6

47
Q

Who is: Emile Durkheim (1858 - 1917)

A

A french sociologist that contributed many important concepts to sociology. His comparison of the suicide rates of several countries revealed an underlying social factor:

People are more likely to commit suicide if their ties to others in their communities are weak.

Durkheim’s identification of the key role of social integration in social life remains central to sociology today.

Chapter 1, Page 7

48
Q

Who is: Max Weber (1864 - 1920)

A

Another early sociologist who left a profound impression on sociology. He used cross-cultural and historical materials to trace the causes of social change and to determine how social groups affect people’s orientation to life.

Chapter 1, Page 8

49
Q

Who is: W. E. B. Du Bois (1868 - 1963)

aka William Edward Burghardt

A

Spent his entire lifetime studying relations between African American and whites. Like many early North American sociologists, Du Bois combined the role of academic sociologist with that of social reform.

Chapter 1, Page 10

50
Q

Who is: Jane Addams (1860 - 1935)

A

A recipient of the Nobel Prize for Peace, worked on behalf of poor immigrants. With Ellen G. Starr, she founded Hull-House, a center to help immigrants in Chicago. She was also a leader in women’s rights (women’s suffrage), as well as the peace movement of World War I.

Chapter 1, Page 10

51
Q

Who is: C. Wright MIlls (1916 - 1962)

A

A controversial figure in sociology because of his analysis of the role of the power of elite in US society. Today, his analysis is taken for granted by many sociologists ad members of the public.

Chapter 1, Page 12

52
Q

Who is: George Herbert Mead (1863 - 1931)

A

Is one of the founders of symbolic interactionism, a major theoretical perspective in sociology. He taught a the University of Chicago, where his lectures were popular. Although he wrote little, after his death students compiled his lectures into an influential book: Mind, Self, and Society.

Chapter 1, Page 14

53
Q

Who is: Robert K. Merton (1910 - 2003)

A

Spent most of his academic career at Columbia University, was a major proponent of functionalism, one of the main theoretical perspectives in sociology.

Chapter 1, Page 16

xxx Term 1: SOC 110 Introduction to Sociology (13 decks)

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