Soc 18-21 Flashcards
What is stroke volume?
Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the heart during each beat. This will increase during physical activity as the muscles will require more blood
What is Cardiac Output?
Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one min. The higher your cardiac output, the better your physical performance
How do you calculate Cardiac Output?
Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
Short Term effects on the Heart?
As you exercise your heart rate increases.
Lactate Accumalation
Build up of lactic acid in muscles.
Short term effects of exercise on the muscles
- fatigue - weak, painful and tired
- build up of lactic acid (lactate accumalation)
- cramp
Glucose
A major source of energy for most cells in the body
Aerobic respiration
the process of releasing enrgy from glucose, using oxygen
Anaerobic exercise
the process of releasing energy from glucose, without oxygen
Aerobic exercise
Working at a moderate intensity allowing the body time to utilise oxygen for energy production and to work for a continous period, e.g. long-distance events
Lactic acid
A colouless acid produced in muscle tissues during strenuous exercise when the body is exercising anaerobically at high intensity
Cramp
Painful, involuntary contraction of a muslce, usually cuased by fatigue
Fats
a rich source of energy, but many modern diets provide more than our bodies need.
Carbohydrates
The body’s main source of energy
Free sugars
Extra sugar added to food or drink
Complex Carbohydrates
Foods of this type help to provide long lasting energy for exercise
Areobic equation
Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon dioxide + water + energy
Anaerobic equation
Glucose —> energy + lactic acid
What is a lever?
- a system of muscles and bones working together to bring about a movement
Fulcrum (or pivot)
- the point around which the lever rotates
Load
- The load is the object to be moved by the system
Effort
- a force that is applied by the lever system, the effort is supplied by your muscles
Lever arm
- a rigid bar such as a bone
What are the 3 different levers?
- first class
- second class
- third class
First class lever
- the fulcrum sits in the middle, between the load and the effort e.g. a header in football
Second class lever
- the load sits in the middle between the effort and the fulcrum e.g. set shot in basketball
Explain the second class lever when doing a calf raise
- the body weight (load) sits between the ball of the feet (fulcrum) and the gastronecius muscle applies the effort
Third class lever
- the effort is applied between the fuclrum and the load
Explain the third class lever when doing a bicep curl
- the effort is applied by the bicep muscles between the elbow joint (the fulcrum) and the weight in the hand (the load)
Advantages of a first class lever
- stable
- strong
- increasing the length of the lever arm increases the mechanical advantage
Disadvantages of a first class lever
- slow
- limited flexibility
Advantages of a second class lever
- stable
- strong
- increasing the length of the lever arm increases the mechanical advantage
Disadvantages of second class lever
- slow
- limited flexibility
Advantages of a third class lever
- fast movement
- large range of movement
- increasing the length of the lever arm decreases the mechanical advantage
Disadvantages of a third class lever
- the force applied must always exceed the load
The sagittal plane
- divides the body from top to bottom (vertically), resulting in a left and right side - flexion and extension
The frontal plane
- divides the body from top to bottom (vertically), but this time with front and back sections - adduction and abduction
The transverse plane
- divides the body across the middle (horizontally), giving a top section (‘superior’) and a bottom section (‘inferior’) - rotation
What planes and axes of movement are used when doing a somersault?
- your left and right sides move together in the same direction - in the SAGGITAL PLANE
- your body bends on a horizontal line from side to side - around your FRONTAL AXIS
What planes and axes are used when performing a cartwheel?
- you move sideways, from left to right - in the FRONTAL PLANE
- your body rotates around a line that runs from the front to the back of your body - around your SAGGITAL AXIS
What planes and axes are used when performing twist jumps ?
- your body moves around one spot - in the TRANSVERSE PLANE
- they twist around an invisible line that runs from head to toe - around the VERTICAL AXIS
The frontal axis
- runs from side to side, formed by the intersection of the frontal and transverse planes.
- This allows flexion and extension
The saggital axis
- runs from front to back, formed by the intersection of the sagittal and transverse planes.
- Allows abduction and adduction
The vertical axis
- runs from top to bottom, formed by the intersection of the sagittal and frontal planes.
- Allows rotation of the body in an upright position
