Soc 10-14 Flashcards
5 functions of the skeletal system
Protection of vital organs Muscle attachment Joints for movement Storing calcium and phosphorus Red and white blood cell production
4 classification of bones
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Long bones
Bones that are longer than they are wide.
Short bones
Bones that are roughly the same length, width and thickness.
Flat bones
Bones that protect organs and offer a good surface for muscles to attach to.
Irregular bones
Bones that have odd shapes and perform a range of functions
Cartilage
A firm, connective tissue
Ossification
The process of development from cartilage to bone
Somatype
Body shape or type.
Joint
A place where two or more bones meet. They are important for movement and rotation.
What are the 4 types of joints?
- Pivot joints
- Hinge joints
- Ball and socket joints
- Condyloid joints
Pivot joints
Allow bones to rotate. There is one bone shaped like a cylinder that rotates inside another bone or ligament.
Examples of pivot joints
Wrist, ankle, neck
5 main ways to prevent injuries:
- selecting approiate methods
- warming up/cooling down
- protective equipment/clothing
- checking equipment/facilities
- playing to the rules
8 types of injury:
- Concussion
- Fractures
- Abrasions
- Dislocations
- Torn Cartilage
- Soft tissue injury
- Strains
- Sprains
Concussion
- An injury cuased by a blow to the head and can happen in many sports
Fractures
- A broken or cracked bone cuased by a blow.
- can be cuased by stress/fatigue
4 types of fractures:
- Inclosed - the skin over thr break is not damaged
- Compound - the broken bone protrudes through the skin
- Simple - take place in one line, with no displacement of the bone
- Stress (overuse) - they happen as a result of fatigue
Abrasions
- An injury cuased by friction of the skin against a roigh surface
Dislocations
- when a bone at a joint is forced out of its normal position.
- occurs as a result of a hard blow which causes one of the bones to be displaced.
Torn Cartilage
- Damage to cartilage often occurs due to wear and tear from long-term overuse.
Soft-tissue injury
- Injuries at the joints usually becuase of movement past the range cuasing torn/pulled tendons + ligaments
Strains
a twist, pull or tear of a muscle or a tendon
Sprains
A damaged ligament cuased by overstretching
Anabolic steroids
- Drug that increases muscle mass and strength
Benefits and Side effects of anabolic steroids
- increase muscle mass + dev. bone growth
- produces quick results
- increased risk of heart attacks
- high blood pressure
- liver disease
- death
Narcotics and analgesics
- Powerful painkillers
Benefits and Side effects of Narcotic and analglesics
- relieve pain from injuries
- loss of concentration
- ” “ balance
- ” “ co-ordination
- emotional effects
Beta blockers
- They maintain lower heart rate and blood pressure
Benefits and Side effects of beta blockers
- reduce anxiety and stress
- nuasea and diarrhoea
- tiredness
- depression
- insomnia
Diuretics
- Reduce amount of urine and increase kidney function
Benefits and Side effects of diuretics
- help lose weight
- reduce concentration of other banned substances
- dehydration, diziness, muscle cramps, headaches and nuasea
- log-term kidney problems
Peptide hormones including erythropoieten
- Increase muscle dev.
Benefits and Side effects of Peptide hormones
- assist recovery from injuries
- increase oxygen in blood
Growth hormones
- Increase muscle dev.
Benefits and Side effects of growth hormones
- muscle development
- thickens blood
- dehydration
- increase risk of heart problems
Stimulants
- increase alertness e.g. nicotene and caffiene
Benefits and Side effects of stimulants
- overcome tiredness
- insomnia
- irregular heart beat
- addiction
- high blood pressure
Blood doping
- Boosting red blood cells to improve performance
Benefits and Side effects of blood doping
- Improves aerobic capacity
Hinge joints
Allows only backward and forward motion
e.g. the knee, elbow and ankle
Ball and socket joints
- Allows a variety of movement. The rounded head of a long bone (ball) fits into a cup-shaped hole (the socket) e.g the hip and shoulder
Condyloid joints
- Allows circular motion. Similar to ball and socket but the ball rests against the end of the bone e.g. the wrist
Flexion
Bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts
Extension
Straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts
Adduction
Movement that pulls towards the midline of the body
Abduction
Movement that pulls AWAY from the midline of the body
Rotation
Movement around a single axis or pivot point
Circumduction
Moving in a circular or conical shape
Dorsi-flexion
- bending or flexing the toes up, closer to the shin
Plantar-flexion
Extending or pointing the toes down, away from the shin
Ligaments
Elastic fibres that join one bone to another, to hold things together and keep them stable
Tendons
Non-elastic fibres that attach muscle to bone
Antagonistic pairs
- When one muscle contracts (agonist) the other relaxes (antagonist) to allow the joint to work.
Slow twitch (type 1)
- Dark in colour becuase of myglobin and have a good O2 supply
Fast twitch (type 2a and 2x)
- lighter in colour becuase they don’t use O2 to make energy
Myglobin
- a red pigment that transports oxygen to the muscles
Voluntary muscles
Voluntary muscles are under your control and you can choose when to contract and relax them
Involuntary muscles
Involuntary muscles are not under our control. They contract and relax automatically controlled by the nervous system.
Cardiac muscles
Only found in the wall of the heart it is a very specialised type of involuntary muscle. Cardiac muscle is made up of interlaced fibres.
