Soc 10-14 Flashcards
1
Q
5 functions of the skeletal system
A
Protection of vital organs Muscle attachment Joints for movement Storing calcium and phosphorus Red and white blood cell production
2
Q
4 classification of bones
A
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
3
Q
Long bones
A
Bones that are longer than they are wide.
4
Q
Short bones
A
Bones that are roughly the same length, width and thickness.
5
Q
Flat bones
A
Bones that protect organs and offer a good surface for muscles to attach to.
6
Q
Irregular bones
A
Bones that have odd shapes and perform a range of functions
7
Q
Cartilage
A
A firm, connective tissue
8
Q
Ossification
A
The process of development from cartilage to bone
9
Q
Somatype
A
Body shape or type.
10
Q
Joint
A
A place where two or more bones meet. They are important for movement and rotation.
11
Q
What are the 4 types of joints?
A
- Pivot joints
- Hinge joints
- Ball and socket joints
- Condyloid joints
12
Q
Pivot joints
A
Allow bones to rotate. There is one bone shaped like a cylinder that rotates inside another bone or ligament.
13
Q
Examples of pivot joints
A
Wrist, ankle, neck
14
Q
5 main ways to prevent injuries:
A
- selecting approiate methods
- warming up/cooling down
- protective equipment/clothing
- checking equipment/facilities
- playing to the rules
15
Q
8 types of injury:
A
- Concussion
- Fractures
- Abrasions
- Dislocations
- Torn Cartilage
- Soft tissue injury
- Strains
- Sprains
16
Q
Concussion
A
- An injury cuased by a blow to the head and can happen in many sports
17
Q
Fractures
A
- A broken or cracked bone cuased by a blow.
- can be cuased by stress/fatigue
18
Q
4 types of fractures:
A
- Inclosed - the skin over thr break is not damaged
- Compound - the broken bone protrudes through the skin
- Simple - take place in one line, with no displacement of the bone
- Stress (overuse) - they happen as a result of fatigue
19
Q
Abrasions
A
- An injury cuased by friction of the skin against a roigh surface
20
Q
Dislocations
A
- when a bone at a joint is forced out of its normal position.
- occurs as a result of a hard blow which causes one of the bones to be displaced.
21
Q
Torn Cartilage
A
- Damage to cartilage often occurs due to wear and tear from long-term overuse.
22
Q
Soft-tissue injury
A
- Injuries at the joints usually becuase of movement past the range cuasing torn/pulled tendons + ligaments
23
Q
Strains
A
a twist, pull or tear of a muscle or a tendon
24
Q
Sprains
A
A damaged ligament cuased by overstretching
25
Anabolic steroids
- Drug that increases muscle mass and strength
26
Benefits and Side effects of anabolic steroids
- increase muscle mass + dev. bone growth
- produces quick results
- increased risk of heart attacks
- high blood pressure
- liver disease
- death
27
Narcotics and analgesics
- Powerful painkillers
28
Benefits and Side effects of Narcotic and analglesics
- relieve pain from injuries
- loss of concentration
- " " balance
- " " co-ordination
- emotional effects
29
Beta blockers
- They maintain lower heart rate and blood pressure
30
Benefits and Side effects of beta blockers
- reduce anxiety and stress
- nuasea and diarrhoea
- tiredness
- depression
- insomnia
31
Diuretics
- Reduce amount of urine and increase kidney function
32
Benefits and Side effects of diuretics
- help lose weight
- reduce concentration of other banned substances
- dehydration, diziness, muscle cramps, headaches and nuasea
- log-term kidney problems
33
Peptide hormones including erythropoieten
- Increase muscle dev.
34
Benefits and Side effects of Peptide hormones
- assist recovery from injuries
| - increase oxygen in blood
35
Growth hormones
- Increase muscle dev.
36
Benefits and Side effects of growth hormones
- muscle development
- thickens blood
- dehydration
- increase risk of heart problems
37
Stimulants
- increase alertness e.g. nicotene and caffiene
38
Benefits and Side effects of stimulants
- overcome tiredness
- insomnia
- irregular heart beat
- addiction
- high blood pressure
39
Blood doping
- Boosting red blood cells to improve performance
40
Benefits and Side effects of blood doping
- Improves aerobic capacity
41
Hinge joints
Allows only backward and forward motion
| e.g. the knee, elbow and ankle
42
Ball and socket joints
- Allows a variety of movement. The rounded head of a long bone (ball) fits into a cup-shaped hole (the socket) e.g the hip and shoulder
43
Condyloid joints
- Allows circular motion. Similar to ball and socket but the ball rests against the end of the bone e.g. the wrist
44
Flexion
Bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts
45
Extension
Straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts
46
Adduction
Movement that pulls towards the midline of the body
47
Abduction
Movement that pulls AWAY from the midline of the body
48
Rotation
Movement around a single axis or pivot point
49
Circumduction
Moving in a circular or conical shape
50
Dorsi-flexion
- bending or flexing the toes up, closer to the shin
51
Plantar-flexion
Extending or pointing the toes down, away from the shin
52
Ligaments
Elastic fibres that join one bone to another, to hold things together and keep them stable
53
Tendons
Non-elastic fibres that attach muscle to bone
54
Antagonistic pairs
- When one muscle contracts (agonist) the other relaxes (antagonist) to allow the joint to work.
55
Slow twitch (type 1)
- Dark in colour becuase of myglobin and have a good O2 supply
56
Fast twitch (type 2a and 2x)
- lighter in colour becuase they don't use O2 to make energy
57
Myglobin
- a red pigment that transports oxygen to the muscles
58
Voluntary muscles
Voluntary muscles are under your control and you can choose when to contract and relax them
59
Involuntary muscles
Involuntary muscles are not under our control. They contract and relax automatically controlled by the nervous system.
60
Cardiac muscles
Only found in the wall of the heart it is a very specialised type of involuntary muscle. Cardiac muscle is made up of interlaced fibres.
