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GSCE PE > Soc 10-14 > Flashcards

Soc 10-14 Flashcards

1
Q

5 functions of the skeletal system

A 
Protection of vital organs 
Muscle attachment
Joints for movement
Storing calcium and phosphorus
Red and white blood cell production
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2
Q

4 classification of bones

A

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones

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3
Q

Long bones

A

Bones that are longer than they are wide.

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4
Q

Short bones

A

Bones that are roughly the same length, width and thickness.

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5
Q

Flat bones

A

Bones that protect organs and offer a good surface for muscles to attach to.

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6
Q

Irregular bones

A

Bones that have odd shapes and perform a range of functions

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7
Q

Cartilage

A

A firm, connective tissue

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8
Q

Ossification

A

The process of development from cartilage to bone

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9
Q

Somatype

A

Body shape or type.

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10
Q

Joint

A

A place where two or more bones meet. They are important for movement and rotation.

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11
Q

What are the 4 types of joints?

A
  1. Pivot joints
  2. Hinge joints
  3. Ball and socket joints
  4. Condyloid joints
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12
Q

Pivot joints

A

Allow bones to rotate. There is one bone shaped like a cylinder that rotates inside another bone or ligament.

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13
Q

Examples of pivot joints

A

Wrist, ankle, neck

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14
Q

5 main ways to prevent injuries:

A
  • selecting approiate methods
  • warming up/cooling down
  • protective equipment/clothing
  • checking equipment/facilities
  • playing to the rules
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15
Q

8 types of injury:

A
  1. Concussion
  2. Fractures
  3. Abrasions
  4. Dislocations
  5. Torn Cartilage
  6. Soft tissue injury
  7. Strains
  8. Sprains
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16
Q

Concussion

A
  • An injury cuased by a blow to the head and can happen in many sports
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17
Q

Fractures

A
  • A broken or cracked bone cuased by a blow.

- can be cuased by stress/fatigue

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18
Q

4 types of fractures:

A
  • Inclosed - the skin over thr break is not damaged
  • Compound - the broken bone protrudes through the skin
  • Simple - take place in one line, with no displacement of the bone
  • Stress (overuse) - they happen as a result of fatigue
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19
Q

Abrasions

A
  • An injury cuased by friction of the skin against a roigh surface
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20
Q

Dislocations

A
  • when a bone at a joint is forced out of its normal position.
  • occurs as a result of a hard blow which causes one of the bones to be displaced.
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21
Q

Torn Cartilage

A
  • Damage to cartilage often occurs due to wear and tear from long-term overuse.
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22
Q

Soft-tissue injury

A
  • Injuries at the joints usually becuase of movement past the range cuasing torn/pulled tendons + ligaments
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23
Q

Strains

A

a twist, pull or tear of a muscle or a tendon

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24
Q

Sprains

A

A damaged ligament cuased by overstretching

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25
Q

Anabolic steroids

A
  • Drug that increases muscle mass and strength
26
Q

Benefits and Side effects of anabolic steroids

A
  • increase muscle mass + dev. bone growth
  • produces quick results
  • increased risk of heart attacks
  • high blood pressure
  • liver disease
  • death
27
Q

Narcotics and analgesics

A
  • Powerful painkillers
28
Q

Benefits and Side effects of Narcotic and analglesics

A
  • relieve pain from injuries
  • loss of concentration
  • ” “ balance
  • ” “ co-ordination
  • emotional effects
29
Q

Beta blockers

A
  • They maintain lower heart rate and blood pressure
30
Q

Benefits and Side effects of beta blockers

A
  • reduce anxiety and stress
  • nuasea and diarrhoea
  • tiredness
  • depression
  • insomnia
31
Q

Diuretics

A
  • Reduce amount of urine and increase kidney function
32
Q

Benefits and Side effects of diuretics

A
  • help lose weight
  • reduce concentration of other banned substances
  • dehydration, diziness, muscle cramps, headaches and nuasea
  • log-term kidney problems
33
Q

Peptide hormones including erythropoieten

A
  • Increase muscle dev.
34
Q

Benefits and Side effects of Peptide hormones

A
  • assist recovery from injuries

- increase oxygen in blood

35
Q

Growth hormones

A
  • Increase muscle dev.
36
Q

Benefits and Side effects of growth hormones

A
  • muscle development
  • thickens blood
  • dehydration
  • increase risk of heart problems
37
Q

Stimulants

A
  • increase alertness e.g. nicotene and caffiene
38
Q

Benefits and Side effects of stimulants

A
  • overcome tiredness
  • insomnia
  • irregular heart beat
  • addiction
  • high blood pressure
39
Q

Blood doping

A
  • Boosting red blood cells to improve performance
40
Q

Benefits and Side effects of blood doping

A
  • Improves aerobic capacity
41
Q

Hinge joints

A

Allows only backward and forward motion

e.g. the knee, elbow and ankle

42
Q

Ball and socket joints

A
  • Allows a variety of movement. The rounded head of a long bone (ball) fits into a cup-shaped hole (the socket) e.g the hip and shoulder
43
Q

Condyloid joints

A
  • Allows circular motion. Similar to ball and socket but the ball rests against the end of the bone e.g. the wrist
44
Q

Flexion

A

Bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts

45
Q

Extension

A

Straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts

46
Q

Adduction

A

Movement that pulls towards the midline of the body

47
Q

Abduction

A

Movement that pulls AWAY from the midline of the body

48
Q

Rotation

A

Movement around a single axis or pivot point

49
Q

Circumduction

A

Moving in a circular or conical shape

50
Q

Dorsi-flexion

A
  • bending or flexing the toes up, closer to the shin
51
Q

Plantar-flexion

A

Extending or pointing the toes down, away from the shin

52
Q

Ligaments

A

Elastic fibres that join one bone to another, to hold things together and keep them stable

53
Q

Tendons

A

Non-elastic fibres that attach muscle to bone

54
Q

Antagonistic pairs

A
  • When one muscle contracts (agonist) the other relaxes (antagonist) to allow the joint to work.
55
Q

Slow twitch (type 1)

A
  • Dark in colour becuase of myglobin and have a good O2 supply
56
Q

Fast twitch (type 2a and 2x)

A
  • lighter in colour becuase they don’t use O2 to make energy
57
Q

Myglobin

A
  • a red pigment that transports oxygen to the muscles
58
Q

Voluntary muscles

A

Voluntary muscles are under your control and you can choose when to contract and relax them

59
Q

Involuntary muscles

A

Involuntary muscles are not under our control. They contract and relax automatically controlled by the nervous system.

60
Q

Cardiac muscles

A

Only found in the wall of the heart it is a very specialised type of involuntary muscle. Cardiac muscle is made up of interlaced fibres.

GSCE PE (6 decks)

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