Soc 12/13 Flashcards
What is the Skeletal system?
Includes all of the bones and joints in the body
What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system
- Protection of vital organs
- Muscle attachment
- Joints for movement
- Storing calcium and phosphorus
- Red and white blood cell production
What are the 5 types of bones in the vertebrae?
- Cervical (7)
- Thoracic (12)
- Lumbar (5)
- Sacrum (5)
- Coccyx (4)
What are the 4 types of bones?
- Long bones
- Short bones
- Irregular bones
- Flat bones
Long bones
Long bones are longer than they are wide. They don’t have to be big, small bones like finger bones (phalanges) count as long bones. A long bone has a shaft and two ends.
Long bones in sport
These bones are vital to generate movement, strength and speed. They usually act as levers. When they are pulled by different muscles, they enable the body to move.
Short bones
Short bones are generally the same size in length, width and thickness. The only short bones in the body are the carpals (cuffs) in the wrist and the tarsals (toes) in the foot.
Short bones in sport
Short bones are usually associated with weight baring, shock absorption and spreading loads. They play a key role in activities like jogging, playing tennis or dancing.
Irregular bones
Irregular bones have odd shapes and vary in function. An example is the vertebrae which help protects the spinal column and the sacrum which has lots of attachment points.
Irregular bones in sport
Irregular bones offer protection when playing sport, they tend to form specific functions for example the first and second vertebrae allow the head to turn and nod.
Flat bones
Flat bones usually protect organs or offer a good surface for muscles to attach to. For example, the ribs protect the heart and lungs, while the broad scapula has three muscles attached to it. Other flat bones are; scapula, cranium and clavicle.
Flat bones in sport
Flat bones protect your organs in contact sports and provide attachment for muscles to help movement.
What is a joint?
- A joint is a place where two or more bones meet.
- Joints are important for movement and rotation.
- All joints allow movement, although the extent of the and freedom of the movement varies from joint to joint.
Pivot joints
Pivot joints allow bones to rotate. In a pivot joint, one bone shaped like a cylinder rotates inside another bone or ligament that makes a ring round it. You have three pivot joints in your body: in your wrist, elbow and neck.
Hinge joints
A hinge joint is a joint that allows only backward and forward motion - just like the hinge on a door. There are three hinge joints: the knee, elbow and ankle.
Condyloid joints
A condyloid joint is similar to a ball and socket joint, but the ball rests against the end of a bone, rather than inside a socket. This allows circular motion.
Ball and socket joints
The ball-and-socket joint (or spheroid joint) is a type of synovial joint in which the ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone.
Ligaments
Are elastic fibres that join one bone to another, usually to hold things together and keep them stable. They keep your skeleton supported whilst allowing movement.
Tendons
Are non-elastic fibres that attach muscle to bone, and help to move them. Tendons let you apply power and movement. Tendons grow in strength the more you use them.
What is flexion?
Bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts.
What is extension?
Straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts.
