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Year 3 > SOB > Flashcards

SOB Flashcards

1
Q

What are the pathophysiological levels, that might cause SOB?

A
  1. Not enough O2 entering the Lungs
  2. Not enough O2 entering the blood
  3. Not enough O2 getting around the body
  4. Increased resp drive
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2
Q

What are possible causes for O2 not being able to enter the Lungs?

A
  1. Airway obstruction
    1. Foreign body
    2. Bronchospsm
    3. Obstructing tumor
    4. Anaphylaxis –> airway oedema
  2. Decreased lung volume
    1. intrathoracic: Pneumothorax, Lung collapse
    2. Extrathoracic: Trauma, Kyphosis
  3. Decreased volume of functioning lung e.g. fibrosis
  4. Inability to inflate lungs
    1. increased work (obesity)
    2. Weak resp muscles (myastenia gravis, NM-disorders
    3. Already Hyperinflated (COPD)
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3
Q

What are possible causes for O2 not entering the blood?

A
  1. Damage to alveolar membrane
    1. Emphysema
    2. Fibrosis (Intestinal Lung disease)
  2. Reduced surface area
    1. Oedema: HF
    2. Inflammation: Pneumonia
  3. Disrupted Blood supply
    1. PE
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4
Q

What are reasons for Insufficient O2 transport in the blood?

A
  1. Reduced cardia output (HF)
  2. Anaemia
  3. Shock
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5
Q

What are possible reasons for increased respiratory rate?

A
  • Hyperventilation
  • Systemic acodosis (Acidemia)
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6
Q

What are Specific questions you would want to consider in a Resp history (SOB)

A
  1. Onset
    1. Sudden?
    2. Slow?
  2. Alleviating/Exacerbating factors?
  3. Risk factors
    1. Smoking
    2. Allergy/Atopy (e.g. Pets)
    3. Occupational history
    4. Medication
    5. PMH
  4. Associated symptoms
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7
Q

How do you calculate Pack years?

A

20 cigarettes / day for 1 year = 1 pack year

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8
Q

Which jobs might put you at risk for respiratory conditions?

Which condition are you thinking of?

A

Jobs with exposure to

  • asbestos
  • coal dust
  • silica dust

–> Might cause pneumoconioses

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9
Q

Which medication are relevant for a resp. History?

A

Certain medication might cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis

  • Nitrofurantoin
  • Amiodarone
  • Methotrexate
  • Bleomycin
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10
Q

What is the association between autoimmune conditions and a resp history?

A

Might predispose/cause interstitial lung disease/pleural effusions

  • E.g. RA
  • SLE
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11
Q

What does a persistant productive for a couple of days suggest?

A

Pneumonia

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12
Q

What does a persistant productive cough on most days of the past 3 months and years suggest?

A

Chronic bronichitis

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13
Q

What does a dry cough, mainly present during the night with SOB suggest?

A

Asthma

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14
Q

What might haemoptysis suggest?

A

Might be indicative of

  • PE
  • Lung cancer
  • cavitating pneumonia
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15
Q

What is pleuritic chest pain?

What does it indicate?

A

Pain that is worse when taking a deep breath in

Suggests

  • Pneumonia
  • PE
  • Pneumothorax
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16
Q

What are possible causes for sudden-onset SOB?

A
  • Bronchospasm
    • COPD/Asthma exacerbation
  • Anaphylaxis
  • PE
  • (Tension) Pneumothorayx, Hysterical hyperventilation
  • Inhaled Foreign Body
  • Acute epiglottitis/supraglottitis
17
Q

What are possible causes for SOB onse in hours to days?

A
  1. Pneumonia
  2. Hear Failure
  3. Pleural effusion
  4. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
  5. Musculoskeletal conditions
    1. Myastenia gravis, Guillain-Barré syndrome
  6. Lung collapse
  7. Altitiude sickness
18
Q

What are possible causes for SOB that starts within months - years?

A
  1. COPD
  2. Malignancy
  3. Chronic Asthma
  4. Hear failure
  5. Pulmonary fibrosis
  6. Anaemia
  7. Bronchiectasis
  8. Physical deconditioning
  9. Obesity
  10. etc.
19
Q

What is an ABG?

A

Medical procedure that is performed by optaining blood sample from an artery and shows Blood gases, important elctrolytes and Acid base state of patient

20
Q

What are the indications for perfoming an ABG?

A
  • Control blood gases, monitor severe lung conditions
  • Check effectiveness of treatement
  • Consider additional oxygen or other treatment
  • Check acid-base household of patient
    • E.g. in
    • Respiratory failure - in acute and chronic states.
    • Any severe illness which may lead to a metabolic acidosis - for example:
    • Cardiac failure.
    • Liver failure.
    • Renal failure.
    • Hyperglycaemic states associated with diabetes mellitus.
    • Multiorgan failure.
    • Sepsis.
    • Burns.
    • Poisons/toxins.
  • Ventilated patients.
  • Sleep studies.
  • Severely unwell patients from any cause - affects prognosis.
21
Q

What are possible Complications when performing an ABG?

A

Low risk-procedure:

  • bleeding or bruising at the puncture site
  • feeling faint
  • blood accumulating under the skin
  • infection at the puncture site

Year 3 (52 decks)

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