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DAT > SNS - Biology - Nervous System > Flashcards

SNS - Biology - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Invertebrates

Protozoa

A

Unicellular organisms possess no organized nervous system

May respond to stimuli including touch, heat, light and chemicals

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2
Q

Invertebrates

Cnidarians

A

Simple nervous system - nerve net

Network of nerve cells which may have limited centralisation

Some jellyfish have clusters of cells and pathways that coordinate the relatively complex movements required for swimming

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3
Q

Invertebrates

Annelida

A

Earthworms possess primitive nervous system consisting of defined ventral nerve chord and anterior ‘brain’ of fused ganglia

Definite nerve pathways lead from receptors to effectors

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4
Q

Invertebrates

Arthropoda

A

Brains similar to annelids but more specialised sense organs present (eg compound or simple eyes, tympanum for detecting sound)

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5
Q

Neuronal Resting Membrane Potential

A

-70mV

Inside of neuron more negative than outside

Due to selective ionic permeability of Na-K pump - uses ATP to transport 3 Na+ out for every 2K+ transported into the cell

Neuron is also selectively permeable to K+, allowing it to diffuse outwards along conc gradient, decresing neuronal resting potential

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6
Q

Neuronal Threshold Membrane Potential

A

Level at which an AP generated

Usually ~ -50mV

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7
Q

Action Potential Mechanism

A
  1. Soma receives excitatory and inhibitory impulses from other nerve cells
  2. Depolarised above threshold membrane potential, VGSCs open - Na+ enters further depolarising cell
  3. VGPCs open, VGSCs close, repolarises as K+ leaves cell
  4. Cell hyperpolarises
  5. VGPCs close, resting potential restored
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8
Q

Diameter and Action Potential Velocity

A

Greater the diameter, greater the speed of AP

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9
Q

Drugs and Synapses

Curare

A

Blocks postsynaptic ACh receptors

Leads to paralysis by blocking nerve impulses to muscles

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10
Q

Drugs and Synapses

Botulinium Toxin

A

Blocks presynaptic release of ACh

Resluts in paralysis

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11
Q

Drugs and Synapses

Anticholinesterases

A

Inhibit acetylcholinesterase

ACh not degraded at synapse and continues to act, preventing coordinated muscle contractions

Used as nerve gases and insecticides (parathion)

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12
Q

CNS

Brain

Forebrain

A
  1. Telencephalon - cerbral cortex, olfactory bulb
  2. Diencephalon - thalamus and hypothalamus
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13
Q

CNS

Brain

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

Relay centre for visual and auditory impulses

Important role in motor control

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14
Q

CNS

Brain

Hindbrain

A

Brainstem :

  1. Cerebellum - modulates motor impulses initiated by cerebral cortex and important in the maitentance of balance, hand eye coordination and timing of rapid movements
  2. Pons - relay centre between cortex and cerebellum
  3. Medulla - many functions including breathing, heart rate and GI activity
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15
Q

PNS

Divisions

A
  1. Somatic
  2. Autonomic : (A) Sympathetic, (B) Parasympathetic
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16
Q

The Eye

Sclera

A

Thick opaque layer covering the surface of the eyeball

17
Q

The Eye

Choroid

A

Layer beneath the sclera

Helps to supply the retina with blood

Dark, pigmented area that reduces reflection in the eye

18
Q

The Eye

Retina

A

Innermost layer

Contains the photoreceptors:

  1. Cone cells - respond to high intensity light, sensitive to colour. Contain three pigments that absorb red, blue and green wavelength
  2. Rods - respond to low intensity light, importnat in night vision. Contains a single pigment - rhodopsin - which absorbs single wavelength

These synapse with bipolar cells which synapse with ganglion cells. Axons of ganglion cells bundle into optic nerve

19
Q

The Eye

Cornea

A

Transparent outer layer at front of eye

Bends and focuses light which then travel via the pupil through the lens suspended behind it and image forms on retina

20
Q

The Eye

Iris

A

Pigmented. muscular structure

Controls pupil diameter

21
Q

The Eye

Ciliary Muscles

A

Control the shape and focal length of the lens

22
Q

The Eye

Blind Spot

A

Point at which the optic nerve exits the eye - photoreceptors not present

23
Q

The Eye

Fovea

A

Small are of the retina, densely packed with cones

Important for high-acuity vision

24
Q

The Eye

Vitreous Humour

A

Jellylike material which helps maintain shape and optical properties of eye

Is formed by the eye and exits it via ducts to join the venous blood

25
Q

The Eye

  1. Myopia
  2. Hyperopia
  3. Astigmatism
  4. Cateracts
  5. Glaucoma
A
  1. Nearsightedness - image focused in front of the retina
  2. Farsightedness - image focusd behind the retina
  3. Irregularly shaped cornea
  4. Lens becomes opaque, causing blindness
  5. Increased pressure in eye due to blockage of vitreous humor outflow
26
Q

The Ear

  1. Outer Ear
  2. Middle Ear
  3. Inner Ear
A
  1. Auricle, auditory canal
  2. Tympanic membrane, Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes),Oval window
  3. Cochlea (contains hair cells and basillar membrane) , vestibular apparatus (maintains balance)

DAT (53 decks)

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