smtg Flashcards
the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli
stimulus discrimination
strengthens or increases the behavior it follows
reinforcing stimulus
a mental representation of an environment or concept that facilitates understanding
cognitive map
naturally occurring response that follows the unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned Response (UR)
the acquired response to the formerly neutral stimulus
Conditioned Response (CR)
any secondary reinforcer that is tangible, such as money or gold stars given by a teacher
Token Reinforcer
presentation of an negative consequence that causes a decrease in the behavior
punishment stimulus
timing of how often a desired response will be reinforced
Schedules of Reinforcement
add something good, behavior increases as a result
positive reinforcement
conditioned stimulus may evoke similar responses after the response as been conditioned
Stimulus Generalization
learning involving an unpleasant or harmful stimulus or reinforcer to distinguish unwanted behavior
Aversive Conditioning
add something bad, behavior decreases
positive punishment
a stimulus that individuals have been conditioned to desire through association with a primary reinforcer
Secondary Reinforcer
response is reinforced only after a specific number of responses
fixed-ratio
response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses
Variable-Ratio Schedules
process of watching other then later imitating the behaviors that were observed
Observational Learning
response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed
Fixed-Interval Schedules
response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed
Variable-Interval Schedules
a classic study by Albert
Bandura in which children viewed a film of an adult violently hitting an inflatable “Bobo” doll and then were allowed to play with the doll. The children showed aggression toward the doll, demonstrating the power of observational learning
Bobo Doll Experiment
sudden realization of the problem’s solution that “just came to you” (Kohler)
Insight Learning
the extent to which a person believes him-or herself capable of success in a particular situation
Self-Efficacy
organism becomes helpless after learning they have no ability to change the outcome (Seligman)
Learned Helplessness
an active dislike for a particular food, developed through conditioning
Taste Aversion
a stimulus that is
intrinsically pleasant, because it satisfies a basic need
Primary Reinforcer
based on the idea that human behavior is influenced by “operants” in the environment. These include positive and negative reinforcement, which encourage behavior, as well as punishment, which suppresses behavior
Operant Conditioning
one can learn something but not show the behavior right away
Latent Learning
remove something good, behavior decreases
negative punishment
a laboratory apparatus used to study operant conditioning in animals, which typically contains a lever that animals can press to dispense food as reinforcement
skinner box
the idea that responses that lead to positive effects are repeated, while responses that lead to negative effects are not repeated
Law of Effect
demonstrated how specialized cells in the brain respond to visual information
Robert Rescorla
conditioned response decreases or disappears (no longer paired with unconditioned stimulus)
extinction
the acquired response to the formerly neutral stimulus
Conditioned Response (CR)
remove something bad, behavior increases as a result
negative reinforcement
Conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell after
repeated pairings with food, thereby discovering classical conditioning
ivan pavlov
the behaviorist most responsible for developing operant conditioning theory
B.F. Skinner
a behaviorist known for the law of effect, which served as the foundation for Skinner’s operant conditioning theory
Edward Thorndike
behaviorist who developed the idea of latent learning by conducting experiments in which rats learned to run mazes even when reinforcement was withheld
Edward Tolman
Conducted the Bobo doll experiment, which demonstrated that aggression is learned by observing and modeling others
Albert Bandura
discovered taste aversion when
looking at the impact of radiation on rats. Rats became nauseous from the radiation, but since the taste of water from a plastic bottle was accidentally paired with this radiation, the rats developed an aversion for this water
John Garcia
founder of the behaviorist school who believed that psychology could only scientifically examine behavior, and not unobservable mental processes.
Watson conducted the Little Albert experiment
John B. Watson
Focus on observable behaviors, people/ animals are controlled by their environment, positive/negative consequences
Behavioral
return of previously extinct conditioned response after a rest period
Spontaneous Recovery
the process of repeatedly pairing an original (unconditioned) stimulus which naturally produces a reflexive (unconditioned) response, with a new (neutral) stimulus such that the new stimulus produces the same response
Classical Conditioning
something that triggers a naturally occurring response
Unconditioned Stimulus
(US/UCS)
the process of pairing the UCS with the CS
acquisition
neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus, evokes a similar response as the unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
a system in which token reinforcers are used to reward positive behaviors and can be traded for other reinforcers
Token Economy
the process of gradually molding behavior to get a final desired response by reinforcing successive approximations to the desired behavior
shaping
a form of classical conditioning in which a previously conditioned stimulus is used to produce further
learning
Higher Order Conditioning
a relatively permanent change in behavior based on experience. Learning comes in a number of forms, each of which operates according to distinct principles
learning
