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ap psych > smtg > Flashcards

smtg Flashcards

1
Q

the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli

A

stimulus discrimination

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2
Q

strengthens or increases the behavior it follows

A

reinforcing stimulus

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3
Q

a mental representation of an environment or concept that facilitates understanding

A

cognitive map

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4
Q

naturally occurring response that follows the unconditioned stimulus

A

Unconditioned Response (UR)

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5
Q

the acquired response to the formerly neutral stimulus

A

Conditioned Response (CR)

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6
Q

any secondary reinforcer that is tangible, such as money or gold stars given by a teacher

A

Token Reinforcer

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7
Q

presentation of an negative consequence that causes a decrease in the behavior

A

punishment stimulus

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8
Q

timing of how often a desired response will be reinforced

A

Schedules of Reinforcement

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9
Q

add something good, behavior increases as a result

A

positive reinforcement

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10
Q

conditioned stimulus may evoke similar responses after the response as been conditioned

A

Stimulus Generalization

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11
Q

learning involving an unpleasant or harmful stimulus or reinforcer to distinguish unwanted behavior

A

Aversive Conditioning

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12
Q

add something bad, behavior decreases

A

positive punishment

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13
Q

a stimulus that individuals have been conditioned to desire through association with a primary reinforcer

A

Secondary Reinforcer

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14
Q

response is reinforced only after a specific number of responses

A

fixed-ratio

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15
Q

response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses

A

Variable-Ratio Schedules

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16
Q

process of watching other then later imitating the behaviors that were observed

A

Observational Learning

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17
Q

response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed

A

Fixed-Interval Schedules

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18
Q

response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed

A

Variable-Interval Schedules

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19
Q

a classic study by Albert
Bandura in which children viewed a film of an adult violently hitting an inflatable “Bobo” doll and then were allowed to play with the doll. The children showed aggression toward the doll, demonstrating the power of observational learning

A

Bobo Doll Experiment

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20
Q

sudden realization of the problem’s solution that “just came to you” (Kohler)

A

Insight Learning

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21
Q

the extent to which a person believes him-or herself capable of success in a particular situation

A

Self-Efficacy

22
Q

organism becomes helpless after learning they have no ability to change the outcome (Seligman)

A

Learned Helplessness

23
Q

an active dislike for a particular food, developed through conditioning

A

Taste Aversion

24
Q

a stimulus that is
intrinsically pleasant, because it satisfies a basic need

A

Primary Reinforcer

25
Q

based on the idea that human behavior is influenced by “operants” in the environment. These include positive and negative reinforcement, which encourage behavior, as well as punishment, which suppresses behavior

A

Operant Conditioning

26
Q

one can learn something but not show the behavior right away

A

Latent Learning

27
Q

remove something good, behavior decreases

A

negative punishment

28
Q

a laboratory apparatus used to study operant conditioning in animals, which typically contains a lever that animals can press to dispense food as reinforcement

A

skinner box

29
Q

the idea that responses that lead to positive effects are repeated, while responses that lead to negative effects are not repeated

A

Law of Effect

30
Q

demonstrated how specialized cells in the brain respond to visual information

A

Robert Rescorla

31
Q

conditioned response decreases or disappears (no longer paired with unconditioned stimulus)

A

extinction

32
Q

the acquired response to the formerly neutral stimulus

A

Conditioned Response (CR)

33
Q

remove something bad, behavior increases as a result

A

negative reinforcement

34
Q

Conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell after
repeated pairings with food, thereby discovering classical conditioning

A

ivan pavlov

35
Q

the behaviorist most responsible for developing operant conditioning theory

A

B.F. Skinner

36
Q

a behaviorist known for the law of effect, which served as the foundation for Skinner’s operant conditioning theory

A

Edward Thorndike

37
Q

behaviorist who developed the idea of latent learning by conducting experiments in which rats learned to run mazes even when reinforcement was withheld

A

Edward Tolman

38
Q

Conducted the Bobo doll experiment, which demonstrated that aggression is learned by observing and modeling others

A

Albert Bandura

39
Q

discovered taste aversion when
looking at the impact of radiation on rats. Rats became nauseous from the radiation, but since the taste of water from a plastic bottle was accidentally paired with this radiation, the rats developed an aversion for this water

A

John Garcia

40
Q

founder of the behaviorist school who believed that psychology could only scientifically examine behavior, and not unobservable mental processes.
Watson conducted the Little Albert experiment

A

John B. Watson

41
Q

Focus on observable behaviors, people/ animals are controlled by their environment, positive/negative consequences

A

Behavioral

42
Q

return of previously extinct conditioned response after a rest period

A

Spontaneous Recovery

43
Q

the process of repeatedly pairing an original (unconditioned) stimulus which naturally produces a reflexive (unconditioned) response, with a new (neutral) stimulus such that the new stimulus produces the same response

A

Classical Conditioning

44
Q

something that triggers a naturally occurring response

A

Unconditioned Stimulus
(US/UCS)

45
Q

the process of pairing the UCS with the CS

A

acquisition

46
Q

neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus, evokes a similar response as the unconditioned stimulus

A

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

47
Q

a system in which token reinforcers are used to reward positive behaviors and can be traded for other reinforcers

A

Token Economy

48
Q

the process of gradually molding behavior to get a final desired response by reinforcing successive approximations to the desired behavior

A

shaping

49
Q

a form of classical conditioning in which a previously conditioned stimulus is used to produce further
learning

A

Higher Order Conditioning

50
Q

a relatively permanent change in behavior based on experience. Learning comes in a number of forms, each of which operates according to distinct principles

A

learning

ap psych (7 decks)

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