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grave Flashcards

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Psychology 101 flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

mental processes exist because they serve an evolutionarily purpose, they aid in survival and reproduction

A

Evolutionary

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2
Q

Brain applies what it knows and expects to perceive sensory information

A

Top down processing

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3
Q

with Weber, founder of psycho physics who studied the relations between physical changes and perceived changes in stimuli

A

Gustav Fechner

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4
Q

The influence of genetics and brain chemistry (physical and biological processes)

A

Biological

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5
Q

Demonstrated how specialized cells in the brain respond to visual information

A

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel

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6
Q

The study of relationship between physical energy and psychological experiences

A

Psychophysics

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7
Q

Is the process by which sensory receptors receive information from the environment

A

Sensation

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8
Q

Is the process of converting physical energy into electrical signals

A

transduction

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9
Q

founder of psychophysics who investigated the just noticeable difference and proposed ___’ law

A

Ernst Weber

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10
Q

The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensations, enabling you to recognize meaningful objects and events

A

perception

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11
Q

Build up from the smallest pieces of sensory information

A

Bottom up processing

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12
Q

colored muscle surrounding the pupil that regulates the size of the pupil opening

A

Iris

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13
Q

light sensitive surface in the back of the eye containing rods and cones

A

Retina

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14
Q

structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus on near or far objects by adjusting how light hits the retina

A

Lens

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15
Q

small adjustable opening in the iris that is smaller in bright light and larger in darkness

A

Pupil

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16
Q

The point where you notice that a stimulus is present. The minimal stimulation required for a particular stimulus to be detected 50% of the time

A

Absolute threshold

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17
Q

transparent, curved layer in the front of the eye that bends incoming light rays

A

cornea

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18
Q

maintains that minimum threshold varies with fatigue, attention, expectations, motivation, emotional distress, and from one person to another

A

Signal detection theory

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19
Q

vision at higher light levels and capable of color vision

A

cones

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20
Q

The size of the JND is directly proportional to the strength of the original stimulus

A

Weber’s law

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21
Q

Simultaneously analyzing different elements of sensory information

A

Parallel processing

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22
Q

The point where you can detect the difference between stimuli

A

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

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23
Q

The smallest change in stimulation that a person can detect 50% of the time

A

Difference threshold

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24
Q

images that remains visible after viewing an object. A negative after image reverse the colors in the original image

A

Afterimages

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25
Q

specialized nerve cells in the visual cortex respond to particular elements like shape, movement, edges, and angles

A

Feature detectors

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26
Q

The retina has receptors for three opposing pairs of colors: white-black, red-green, and yellow-blue

A

Opponent processing theory

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27
Q

The retina has three color receptors that are sensitive to red green and blue light

A

trichromatic theory

28
Q

processes black, white and gray light, vision at lower light levels

A

Rods

29
Q

The smell center of the brain, which receives and processes chemical information from the olfactory nerve

A

Olfactory bulb

30
Q

Bundle of retinal ganglion axons that carries information from the eye to the thalamus

A

optic nerve

31
Q

area in eye with no receptor cells

A

blind spot

32
Q

The chemical sense of smell with receptors in a mucous membrane to the roof of the nasal cavity

A

olfaction

33
Q

specialized light sensitive neurons in the retina that converts light into neural impulses; includes rods and cones

A

photoreceptors

34
Q

body sense of equilibrium with hairlike receptors in semicircular canals and vestibular sac in the inner eye / it allows balance and body posture

A

vestibular sense

35
Q

body sense that provides information about the position and movement of individual parts of your body with receptors in muscles, tendons, and joints

A

kinesthesis

36
Q

pain is experienced only if the pain messages can pass through a gate in the spinal cord on their route to the brain

A

gate-control theory

37
Q

the rate of the neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, enabling you to sense its pitch. Explains well how you hear low-pitched sounds

A

frequency theory

38
Q

the position on the basilar membrane at which waves reach their peak depends on the frequency of a tone.
Accounts well for higher-pitched sounds

A

place theory

39
Q

axons of neurons in the cochlea converge transmitting sound messages

A

auditory nerve

40
Q

the process by which you determine the location of a sound

A

sound localization

41
Q

includes the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

A

inner ear

42
Q

includes three tiny bones: the hammer, anvil, and stirrup

A

middle ear

43
Q

the chemical sense of taste with receptor cells in the taste buds

A

gustation

44
Q

snail shaped fluid filled tube in the inner ear with hair cells on the basilar membrane that transduce mechanical energy of vibrating molecules to the electrochemical energy of neural impulses / produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations

A

cochlea

45
Q

includes the pinna, the auditory canal, and the eardrum

A

outer ear

46
Q

the highness or lowness of a sound. The shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency, the higher the pitch. The longer the wavelength, the lower the frequency, the lower the pitch

A

pitch

47
Q

the # of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given amount of time (determine the pitch of a sound)

A

frequency

48
Q

the process of transducing acoustic energy into perceivable sound (hearing)

A

audtion

49
Q

the study of paranormal phenomena such as extrasensory perception and psychokinesis

A

parapsychology

50
Q

focus on one stimulus will lead to between blind to other stimuli change blindness=miss changes)

A

inattentional blindness

51
Q

ability to focus on a particular sound while partial filtering out other sounds

A

cocktail party effect

52
Q

the figure is what is focused on and the ground is the blurry background which is likely ignored

A

figure ground pattern

53
Q

focused awareness of only a limited aspect of all you are capable of experiencing

A

selective attention

54
Q

we perceive the form of familiar obiects as constant even while our retinas receive changing images of them

A

shape and size constancies

55
Q

occurs when we ourselves are the moving objects. Objects that are fixed in one place appear to move along with us

A

relative motion

56
Q

an optical illusion consisting of two line segments, one with arrows pointing inward and one with arrows points outward. Though both lines are of equal length, the line with the
inward-pointing arrows is typically perceived to be longer

A

muller-lyer illusion

57
Q

laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants

A

visual cliff

58
Q

the difference between he images seen by each eye, which can be used to gauge distance

A

retinal disparity

59
Q

clues about distance based on the image of one eye

A

monocular cues

60
Q

clues about distance requiring two eyes

A

binocular clues

61
Q

tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

A

grouping

62
Q

ability to differentiate an obiect from its background

A

figure-ground

63
Q

the process of integrating and interpreting sensory data

A

perception

64
Q

predisposition to perceive things in a certain way (notice certain aspects of an object/situation while ignoring other details

A

perceptual set

65
Q

reduced sensitivity to a stimulus after constant exposure to it

A

sensory adaptation

66
Q

the human visual system can process up to 10 to 12 images per second and still perceive the images as individual pictures. The
movement of a series of pictures at a rate that suggests motion is called stroboscopic movement

A

phi phenomenon

67
Q

a subfield of psychology that suggests that the brain forms a perceptual whole that is greater than the sum of its parts

A

gestalt physcology

ap psych (7 decks)

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