rip Flashcards
maladaptive actions or cognitive processes that defy social norms
abnormal behavior
late twentieth-century movement to release large numbers of asylum patients and reintegrate them into their communities
deinstitutionalization
the diagnostic tool published by the American Psychiatric Association, used to categorize and diagnose psychological disorders
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
can’t prescribe meds, but supports people through psychotherapy
psychologist
can prescribe meds, identify
disorders/diagnose, generally works inside hospitals
psychiatrist
maintains that abnormal behaviors are symptoms of an underlying disease
medical model
maintains that abnormal behaviors are caused by repressed memories of childhood trauma and unconscious conflicts
psychoanalytic model
views psychological disorders as temporary impediments to self-actualization that result from unsatisfied needs
humanistic model
maintains that abnormal behaviors result from faulty beliefs and maladaptive emotional responses
cognitive model
maintains that psychological disorders result from imbalances in brain chemistry and other biological causes, including heredity and evolution
biological model
maintains that psychological disorders are culturally specific and caused by a variety of social and cultural factors
sociocultural model
maintains that abnormal behaviors are the products of learning, just like any other behaviors
behavioral model
generally defined as Deviant, Distressing, Dysfunctional,
Dangerous
abnormal behavior
Experience excessive anxiety under most circumstances and worry about practically anything
generalized anxiety disorder
Anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks
panic disorder
Intense, irrational fear responses to specific stimuli
specific phobia
Compound disorder of thought and behavior
obsessive compulsive disorder
are persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts that an individual cannot get out of his or her mind
obsessions
are ritualistic behaviors performed repeatedly
compulsions
Result of some trauma experienced by the victim. Victims re-experience the traumatic event in nightmares about the event, or flashbacks in which they relieve the event
posttraumatic stress disorder
Mood swings alternating between periods of major depression and mania
bipolar disorder
Involves intense depressed mood, reduced interest or pleasure in activities, loss of energy, and problems in making decisions for a minimum of 2 weeks
major depressive disorder
Pattern of distrust and suspiciousness about other people’s motives, individual thinks that others are out to threaten, betray, exploit, or harm
Paranoid Personality Disorder “Accusatory
Characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion
Schizoid Personality Disorder “Aloof”
Characterized by extreme discomfort in close relationships, very odd patterns of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities
Schizotypal Personality Disorder “Awkward”
Characterized by a general pattern of disregard for and violation of other people’s rights (closely linked to criminal behavior)
Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)
Characterized by repeated instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood and by impulsive behavior
Borderline Personality Disorder
Characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality (dramatic) and attention seeking
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Characterized by a broad pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy
narcissistic personality disorder
Characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation/potential rejection, humanilitation
avoidant personality disorder
Characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of
dependent personality disorder
Characterized by an intense focus on orderliness, perfectionism, and control that the person loses flexibility, openness, and efficiency
Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder
Disorder marked by the inability to focus attention, or overactive and impulsive behavior, or both
ADHD
Disorder marked by extreme unresponsiveness to others, severe communication deficits, and highly repetitive and rigid behaviors, interests, and activities
autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Disorder marked by intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior that are well below average
intellectual disability (ID)
Fatal degenerative disease in which brain neurons progressively die, characterized by loss of memory, reasoning, emotion, and control of bodily functions
alzheimers disease
Life-threatening eating disorder that involves intense fear of weight gain or becoming overweight, distorted perception of one’s weight/body shape, persistent restriction of caloric intake
Anorexia Nervosa (Anorexia)
increasing cognitive misperception of being overweight despite evidence to the contrary
body dysmorphia
Recurrent binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors for the intake of food, such as purging
Bulimia Nervosa (Bulimia)
Uncontrollably eating a large amount of food in a short period of time; after a bingeing episode a person will not purge and will feel an extreme sense of guilt
binge eating disorder
Characterized by physical symptoms including pain, and high anxiety in these individuals about having a disease
Somatic Symptom Disorder (SDD)
Characterized by a preoccupation with a serious medical or health condition with either no or mild physical (somatic) symptoms such as nausea or dizziness that has persisted for 6 months
Illness Anxiety Disorder (IAD)
Characterized by loss of some bodily function without physical damage to the affected organs or their neural connections
conversion disorder
Loss of memory for a traumatic event or period of time that is too painful for an individual to remember
dissociative disorder
Rare mental disorder characterized by at least two distinct and relatively enduring identities or dissociated personality states that recurrently control a person’s behavior
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Psychotic disorder in which personal, social, and occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor abnormalities
schizophrenia
High fluctuation of levels of dopamine can be responsible for schizophrenic symptoms
dopamine hypothesis
the categories of disorders recognized by the DSM, used to diagnose patients
diagnostic labels
Experiment underscoring the way that diagnostic labels can bias people’s perceptions of patients; hospital staff did not recognize that pseudopatients with a diagnosis of mental illness were in fact health
rosenhan experiment
the obligation not to disclose particular kinds of information, including mental health information, except in limited cases, Mandated in the U.S. by HIPAA
confidentiali
immunity from legal responsibility due to an inability to tell the difference between right and wrong; a legal category, not a psychiatric one
insanity
an ongoing relationship between a patient and a therapist, in which the two discuss the patient’s experiences and symptoms
psychotherapy
when a mental health professional prescribes a drug for a patient to alleviate psychological distress
pharmacological treatment
Exposing people to fear-invoking objects or situations intensely and rapidly
flooding
Developed by Joseph Wolpe, a client makes a list of fears and then learns to relax while concentrating on these fears
Systematic Desensitization
Pairing an undesirable behavior with an aversive stimulus in the hope that the unwanted behavior will eventually be reduced
aversion therapy
Behavioral strategy relies on reinforcement to modify behavior. Clients are allowed to earn tokens that can be exchanged for special privileges or desired items
token economy
Mind-body technique that involves using visual or auditory feedback to gain control over involuntary bodily functions
biofeedback
Mind-body technique that involves using visual or auditory feedback to gain control over involuntary bodily functions
biofeedback
a humanistic therapy that maintains that psychological distress occurs when patients focus on what could be, rather than on the present moment; developed by Fritz Perls
gestalt therapy
automatic and irrational perceptions of the world that contribute to feelings of anxiety or depression
cognitive distortions
a deeply held belief that guides an individual’s thoughts
core beliefs
a cognitive therapy technique that requires patients to challenge irrational beliefs and replace them with more realistic ones
cognitive restructuring
Human emotions and behavior are predominantly generated by ideas, beliefs, attitudes and thinking
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists
Developed in 1950s by Albert Ellis, psychological problems arise when thoughts are irrational and lead to behavioral consequences that are distressful
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
Researched by Aaron Beck, based on the idea that how we think (cognition), how we feel (emotion) and how we act (behavior) all interact together
Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
strategies to cultivate a state of
conscious awareness
mindfulness
The primary focus of
psychodynamic therapy is to uncover the unconscious content of a client’s psyche in order to alleviate psychic tension
psychoanalysis
The client spontaneously reports thoughts, feelings, and mental images that come to mind (no censorship)
free association
The patient’s conscious or unconscious attempt to block disturbing memories, motives, and experiences (sensitive material)
resistance “mental blocks”
The process by which a patient projects or transfers unresolved conflicts and feelings onto the therapist
transference
the most popular
humanistic therapy, which views patients as “clients” and focuses on authenticity and healthy self-concept
client-centered therapy
Regard, allow client to steer the direction of the therapy, clients have value
unconditional positive
therapist listens to client,
paraphrasing what the client says, prevents advice or judgements
active listening
Elevate mood by affecting neurotransmitters such as serotonin that are linked to depression
antidepressant drugs
blocks the reuptake of serotonin
SSRI
A biological
treatment in which a brain seizure is triggered as an electric current passes through electrodes attached to the patient’s forehead
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
an invasive biomedical treatment that delivers electric shocks to the brain directly through an implanted electrode sometimes used for severe OCD
deep brian stimulation
