finally abt to end Flashcards
Developed the _____-Lange theory of emotion, along with Carl Lange, which proposes that emotions occur because of physiological reactions to events
william james
Known for his systematic, scientific study of sexual behavior, developed ____ Scale to describe sexual orientation
alfred kinsey
developed a theory of motivation called the hierarchy of needs
abraham maslow
developed the two-factor theory of emotion
stanley schachter
developed the general adaptation syndrome model
hans selye
pioneering the study of emotion and stress, emphasizing the role of cognitive appraisal in understanding human reactions
Richard Lazarus
known for his groundbreaking research on the neural mechanisms of emotion, particularly the amygdala’s role in fear processing
Joseph LeDoux
Universal emotional expressions, “facial language” believed everyone recognized 7 basic emotions
Paul Ekman
psychoanalyst who disagreed with Freud over the importance of sexual drives in personality, originated concept of inferiority complex
alfred adler
social cognitive theorist who proposed reciprocal determinism, idea that thoughts, beliefs, and environment all interact with and change each other
albert bandura
expanded and reorganized the PEN trait model into the big Five or OCEAN model of personality traits
Paul Costa & Robert McCrae
founder of psychoanalysis who developed the structural model, which states that the mind is made up of the id, ego, and superego
sigmund freud
psychoanalyst who stated that the unconscious mind can be divided into the personal and collective conscious, the latter of which contains archetypes
carl jung
believes free-will will lead to self actualization. As long as you have one person in your life that will give you unconditional positive regard, you can reach self actualization
carl rogers
Emphasizes behavior is determined by your past experiences that are left in the unconscious mind and childhood experiences
psychodynamic
Human capacity for choice and growth, motivation for people to fulfill their potential
humanistic
The influence of genetics and brain chemistry (physical & biological processes)
biological
Links between genetics and environment
biopsychosocial
“The Evolutionary Perspective” People are motivated to behave in certain ways because they are evolutionarily/genetically programmed to do so with survival instincts
instinct theory
We are pulled into action
by—positive or negative— outside incentives
incentive theory
Increased arousal can help improve performance, but only up to a certain point. At the point when arousal becomes excessive, performance diminishes
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Abraham suggested that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
is a person’s belief in their ability to succeed in a particular situation
self-efficacy
Most of the biological feeling of hunger comes from this brain structure
hypothalamus
The “on” button for eating. If stimulated, causes you to feel hunger
lateral hypothalamus “hungry”
The “off” button for eating. when stimulated, makes you feel full
Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) “Full”
Behavior that is driven by internal rewards (autonomy, mastery, purpose)
Intrinsic Motivation
Behavior that is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and praise
extrinsic motivation
phenomenon in which being rewarded for doing something actually diminishes intrinsic motivation to perform that action
overjustification effect
Conflict within a person where he or she needs to decide between two appealing goals
approach-approach conflict
Making a decision between two equally undesirable choices
avoidance-avoidance conflict
Conflict involves making decisions about situations that have both positive and negative consequences
approach-avoidance conflict
stages humans go through during sexual interaction
Sexual Response Cycle (William Masters & Virginia Johnson)
A social group or culture’s informal norms about how to appropriately express emotions
display rule
Theory in which a stimulus leads to an emotion, which then leads to bodily arousal through the autonomic nervous system
common-sense theory
Emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events
james-lange theory
Facial expressions are connected to experiencing emotions
facial-feedback hypothesis
Suggests that the physical and psychological experience of emotion happen at the same time and that one does not cause the other
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotions
The physiological arousal occurs first, and then the individual must identify the reason for this arousal to experience and label it as an emotion
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory
Effect of positive events
eustress
Occurs when people experience unpleasant and undesirable stressors
distress
Researched by Hans Selye, the three stages of the bodies psychological reaction to stress
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Refers to the extent to which people feel that they have control over the events that influence their lives
locus of control
You believe that you have control over what happens
internal locus of control
Blame outside forces for their circumstances
external locus of control
Sigmund Freud developed theory of
personality development
psychoanalytic theories
Part of the human
personality that is made up of all our inborn biological urges that seeks out immediate gratification (pleasure principle)
ID
The largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality (reality principle)
ego
The part of personality that,
represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations (morality principle)
superego
Freud proposed that the ego protects itself with tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality
defense mechanisms
Acts to keep information out of conscious awareness
repression
Involves taking out our frustrations, feelings, and impulses on people or objects that are less threatening
displacement
Involves taking our own unacceptable qualities or feelings and ascribing them to other people
projection
When confronted by stressful events, people sometimes abandon coping strategies and revert to patterns of behavior used earlier in development
regression
Functions to protect the ego from things with which the individual cannot cope
denial
Involves explaining an unacceptable behavior or feeling in a rational or logical manner, avoiding the true reasons for the behavior
rationalization
Reduces anxiety by taking up the opposite feeling, impulse, or behavior
reaction-formation
thought all people shared a collective unconscious. Common collection of images that we have gained together as human beings from our ancestral & evolutionary past
carl jung
People compensate for inferiority complexes based on inadequacies
alfred adler
feminist perspective to psychoanalytic theory
karen horney
Projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, During the test, participants are shown the inkblots and asked what each one looks like
Rorschach Inkblot Test (Hermann Rorschach)
16 traits are the source of all human personality
Raymond Cattell’s 16 Traits
he identified closely related terms and eventually reduced his list to just 16 key personality traits
factor analysis
Model of personality traits, many researchers believe that they are five core personality traits
the big 5 personality factors
to Experience, tendency to appreciate new art, ideas, values, feelings and behaviors
openness
tendency to be careful, on-time for appointments, to follow rules, and to be hardworking
conscientiousness
tendency to be talkative, sociable, and to enjoy others
extraversion
tendency to agree and go along with others rather than to assert one’s own opinions & choices
agreeableness
tendency to frequently experience negative emotions
neuroticism
The most widely used and researched clinical assessment tool used by mental health professionals to help diagnose mental health disorders
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)
Self-report inventory designed to identify a person’s personality type, strengths, and preferences
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
theory of learning that examines how cognitive processes and environmental factors influence behavior; developed by?
Social Cognitive Perspective; Albert Bandura
idea from the social cognitive perspective that thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and environment all influence each other in determining a person’s actions in a given situation
reciprocal determinism
a culture that places an emphasis on individual goals and personal achievement
individualistic culture
a culture that sees people primarily as members of a family or larger social group
collectivist culture
concerns people’s willingness to try to new things, their ability to be vulnerable, and their capability to think outside the box
openness to experience
is a trait that can be described as the tendency to control impulses and act in socially acceptable ways, behaviors that facilitate goal-directed behavior (John & Srivastava, 1999). _____ people excel in their ability to delay gratification, work within the rules, and plan and organize effectively
conscientiousness
This factor has two familiar ends of its spectrum: extroversion and introversion. It concerns where an individual draws their energy from and how they interact with others. In general, extroverts draw energy from or recharge by interacting with others, while introverts get tired from interacting with others and replenish their energy with solitude
extroversion
This factor concerns how well people get along with others. While extroversion concerns sources of energy and the pursuit of interactions with others, agreeableness concerns one’s orientation to others. It is a construct that rests on how an individual generally interacts with others
agreeableness
is not a factor of meanness or incompetence, but one of confidence and being comfortable in one’s own skin. It encompasses one’s emotional stability and general temper
neuroticism
OCEAN ?
openness to experience
conscientiousness
extroversion
agreeableness
neuroticism
