6th reason Flashcards
Proponent of sociocultural theory who introduced the concepts of zone of proximal development (ZPD)
lev vygotsky
Developed a well-known stage theory of cognitive development, involving a progression of four distinct stages
jean plaget
a psychoanalyst known for identifying psychosocial developmental stages
erik erikson
the behaviorist most responsible for developing operant conditioning theory
carol gilligan
developed a theory of moral development involving three distinct stages of moral reasoning
lawrence kohlberg
known for his contribution to the field of observational learning, including his famous Bobo doll experiment on aggression
albert bandura
known for her research on four types of parenting styles
diana baumrind
developed the Strange Situation and attachment theory
mary ainsworth
conducted naturalistic observations of geese and other animals and discovered a simple form of attachment known as imprinting
Konrad Lorenz
conducted research on rhesus monkeys, discovering they prefer contact to food acquisition, which was influential for attachment theory
harry harlow
Emphasizes behavior is determined by your past experiences that are left in the unconscious mind and childhood experiences
psychodynamic
Links between genetics and environment
biopsychosocial eclectic
innate biological factors that influence development and personality
nature
external and environmental factors including learning, that influence development and personality
nurture
Study follows the same group of people over a period of time from months to many years in order to evaluate changes in those individuals
longitudinal
Type of study in which people of different ages are examined at the same time(s)
cross-sectional
Individuals in a
cross-sectional sample are tested more than once over a specified period of time
cross-sequential
the process of development from concept to birth
gestation
the first stage of gestation, which lasts about 2 weeks, in which the zygote migrates from the Fallopian tube to implant itself in the uterine wall
germinal stage
the __ stage of gestation, which lasts about 6 weeks, in which cells begin to differentiate and organs begin to develop
embryonic stage (2nd stage)
the ___ stage of gestation, which lasts about 7 months, in which the fetus gains increased mobility and develops rapidly
fetal stage (final stage)
Any non genetic agent that produces birth defects at exposures that commonly occur
teratogen
includes physical, cognitive, and psychological abnormalities that result from consuming alcohol during pregnancy
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Genetic growth tendencies are inborn, determined by genetic makeup
maturation
the tendency for an infant to move its mouth toward any object that touches its cheek
rooting reflex
the outstretching of the arms and legs in response to a loud noise or a sudden change in the environment
moro reflex
the projection of the big toe and the fanning of the other toes when the sole of the foot is touched, found only in infants
babinski reflex
infants explore, display high stranger anxiety, easy to calm/enthusiastic on return to the caregiver
secure attachment
infants explore, low stranger anxiety, unconcerned by separation and avoid contact at return of caregiver
Avoidant (Insecure) Attachment
unwilling to explore, high stranger anxiety, upset by separation and seek and reject contact on return of the caregiver
Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment
attachment style for an infant who shows no consistent pattern of response when its caregiver is present or absent
Disorganized Attachment
an individual’s characteristic pattern of emotional reactivity
temperament
Range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working along with difficulty, and the level at which a child can solve a problem with the assistance of adults or more-skilled children
zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Process in which a more skilled learner, gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable
scaffolding
the set of physiologiclal
characteristics, including chromoosomal composition, hormones, and genitalia, that individuals are born with that determine if they are male, female or intersex
biological sex
individuals whose gender identity does not align with their sex at birth
transgender
The individual’s sense
(psychological) of being male or female, both, or neither from cultural and social expectations
gender identity
Set of expectations held by society about the ways in which men and women are supposed to behave based on their gender
gender roles
beginning at 4 months, vocalizes various sounds “ba-ba-ba”
babbling stage
ages one and two, child speaks mostly in single words “Car”
one-word stage
Inability on the part of a child in the preoperational stage of development to see any point of view other than their own
egocentrism
the understanding that human behavior is guided by mental representations of the world, and that the world appears differently to different people
theory of mind
The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
conservation
(from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
concrete operational stage
(normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
formal operational stage
what did piaget said about cognitive development?
it occured in a series of four stages
what did vygotsky focus on about cognitive development?
sociocultural influences
3 parenting styles?
authoritarian, permissive parenting, authoritative parenting
Restrictive parenting style.This style of parenting allows for little discussion or explanation of the firm controls placed on the child.
authoritarian
style that is characterized by having few and inconsistent rules and a relaxed attitude to parenting that is more like a friend than a parent
permissive parenting
style that is
child-centered, in that parents closely interact with their children, while maintaining high expectations for behavior and performance, as well as a firm adherence to schedules and discipline.
authoritative parenting
Interpreting
our new experience in terms of our existing schemas
assimilation
Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
accomodation
Birth to 2, infants use senses and motor abilities to learn about the world
sensorimotor stage
child’s ability to
understand that objects still exist after they are no longer in sight
object permanence
The stage (2 to 6 or 7) during which a child learns to use language
preoperational stage
the period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity and lasts until the beginning of adulthood
adolescence
Selective removal of unnecessary neurons and connections to improve brain efficiency (during puberty)
sypnatic pruning
Heightened
self-consciousness, belief that others are as interested in them as they are themselves, their sense of personal uniqueness and invulnerability
adolescent egocentrism
the first stage, in which the morality of an action is determined by the consequences for the actor
preconventional stage
the __ stage, the morality of an action is determined by the extent to which it conforms with rules and norms
conventional stage
the __ stage, morality of an action is determined by general principles and core values
post conventional stage
Carol Gilligan’s feminist
approach to moral development that emphasizes values like empathy and benevolence over abstract duties and obligations
ethics of care
