Small ruminants 2 Flashcards
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) what is it, transmission and signs
emergency disease in sheep - Morbillivirus, like Rinderpest ○ Plan to eradicate worldwide - Direct transmission from excretions - Spread by movement of infected animals - Signs ○ Fever ○ Oral erosions ○ Bronchopneumonia ○ Diarrhoea ○ Abortion ○ 10% case mortality rate
Maedi-Visna what is it, what does it cause, type of virus, transmission, 2 main types of clinical signs and daignosis
emergency animal disease in sheep
- Pneumonia and a wasting encephalitis, long incubation
- Small ruminant lentivirus, organ trophisms, slow viruses
- Direct transmission, maternally
- Clinical signs varied:
○ ‘Maedi’ dyspnoea, high mortality
○ ‘Visna’ subtle ataxia -> paresis
○ Indurative mastitis, arthritis
- Heavy lungs, diagnose with histo and virology
Sheep pox what is it, where is it found, type of virus, transmission and diagnosis
emergency animal disease in sheep - Middle East – severe losses expected in Australia - Capripoxes host specific, resistant - Aerosol transmission from papule stage ○ Lungs, skin, gut - DDx skin diseases and pneumonias
Rift valley fever what is it, what type of virus, environment, transmission, importance, mortality rate and clinical signs
- Bunyavirus, epidemics in wet seasons
- Vectors vary, transovarial transmission
- Zoonoses, severe human consequences
○ Exposure to infected tissues - Age dependent mortality rate
○ Lambs near 100%, adults lower - Signs
○ Abortion storms common
○ Fever, bloody diarrhoea, jaundice
Sheep scab what is it, lifecycle, clinical signs and is it in australia
emergency animal disease - sheep - Psoroptes ovis mite - Direct life cycle, short, fecund ○ Severe disease in 4-6 weeks ○ Dormancy at base of horns - Rosette skin lesions, fleece loss - Eradicated from Australia in 19th century
Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis what is it, what causes it, where found, what result in
emergency animal disease - sheep - Retrovirus – contagious neoplasm - Australia, NZ, Iceland free - Slow disease, progressive pneumonia ○ Lungs full of fluid ○ Wheel barrow’ test
Ovine enzootic abortion what is it, caused by, where found and main importance
emergency animal disease - Chlamydia abortus ○ Abortion per se seen uncommonly in sheep in Australia - Not reported in Aust. - Zoonosis ○ Basque country
Brucella melitensis what is it, how important, what leads to in different species/sexes
emergency animal disease - Commonest zoonosis in the world - Ewes and does ○ Mastitis and abortion - Rams and bucks ○ Epidydimitis and infertility - Humans ○ Chronic disease, fever, aches ○ Intense ‘One Health’ vaccination campaigns
Schmallenberg virus what is it, where seen, transmission and results
emergency animal disease - First seen in 2011 in Europe ○ All ruminant species ○ Simbu group of Orthobunyaviruses § includes Akabane - Vector spread ○ Culicoides obsoletus complex - Short viraemia and illness
What are the 6 important things to consider with hobby farms
- Their objectives
○ Just doing it for passion
○ Want to earn actual money, in for a profit? Higher stocking rate - Knowledge? (husbandry and disease)
- Availability?
○ Treatment plan around how long spend on the farm - Enthusiasm
- Write things down for clients -> simple treatment plan write it down
- Have good explanations/reasons for your recommended treatments (competing with salesmen, poor local knowledge, etc.)
What need to consider with facilities within a hobby farm
Safety is the most important -> to client, you and animal
o Restraint (want a good head stall, nose grips and tail jack)
○ Does the neighbor next door have better yards to use?
○ NO ASSUMPTIONS OF ABILITY AND KNOWLEDGE WITH HANDLING
o Operator safety
o Experience/ability of assistants
o Want crush, escape routes, less people to be trampled, backing gates
o Proper exit from crush -> possible exit from the raceway BEFORE crush and AFTER crush, no straight into run into truck, no sharp corners
What are the 4 main considerations when giving advise about animals on hobby farms and things within
1) what stock are easier/harder to mange
2) husbandry
- what must happen and when
- what can be more flexible
- mange potential inbreeding
- stocking rate
- condition scoring
- supplementary feed
3) flock animals need company - welfare
4) treatment and disease management consideration - individuals and flock/herd
In terms of knowing what stock are easier/harder to manage for hobby farmers what are
○ Dry stock, weather for wool and meat production - easier
○ Pregnant and lactating generally more susceptible to diseases - harder
○ Management calendar may be needed
What are the 5 main husbandry things that need to be done on a sheep hobby farm
1) castration (timing)
2) tagging/NLIS - all need
3) tail-docking - rubber rings
4) kid disbudding - dehorning a goat
5) mulesing/clips (maybe advise better sheep bred)
In terms of castration on a hobby farm how should be done and what is important to consider
□ Surgical castration +/- local anesthetic up to 6 months old without ‘much’ hemostasis
® Just twist the spermatic cord to ensure proper hemostasis
◊ If not confident just use emasculator
□ Beware inexperienced owner using rubber rings in bigger lambs/calves
® Can only be used in calves between 2days and 2 weeks of age
Tail docking sheep on hobby farms what use, what age
- rubber rings
□ 2-8 weeks old with rubber rings
□ IF older than gas knife with local anesthetic
□ OVER 6 months of age only tail docked by vet with appropriate anaesthesia/analgesia
Mulesing/clips on hobby farms what need to advise
can you advise about a better sheep breed?)
□ May need to get contractors
□ Non-merino bred of sheep won’t require mulesing
□ Insecticides to help reduce fly numbers
what are 6 important flock conditions of sheep need to talk to hobby farms about
1) dystocia
2) worms
3) Lice
4) flies
5) footrot
6) OJD
Dystocia for hobby farmers what need to talk to owners about
- Manage dam bodyweight -> appropriate condition score and nutrition
• Electric fencing grazing a smaller area can help - Be able to describe stages of parturition
- Know when to intervene
• Heifers 2 hours then intervene - More sheep caesareans
• Service is available in the clinic? - Prolapse repair
- Advice about lamb survival, orphan management/rearing
• Neonates lectures
• Good fact sheet
worms for hobby farmers what do you do the same, what are the challenges, what are the shortcuts and what need to be aware of
- What do you do the same?
• Drenching - same treatments
• Fresh faeces in the ground 10 x for bulk cell count - monitoring - What are the challenges?
• Won’t need as much volume for drench
• Rotating paddocks may or may not be possible - What are the ‘shortcuts’/simplifications/lifesavers?
• Before and after testing for individual animals -> see whether working and if need - Beware overstocked pastures
- Might need to resort to capsules more often
- Wethers MUCH easier than lambing ewes
Lice for hobby farmers what is bad, what needed for eradication and what may be easier
- Major welfare issue
- Harder in limited facilities
• Backliners easy (so are contract dippers)
§ Explaining long vs short wool - Usual rules to maximize eradication chances
• Address biosecurity - PROPER FENCES
• Chemical ‘quarantine periods’ and lambing - Easier to change over whole flock (beware buying back in)
Flies for hobby farms how to prevent, what aware of and what is important
- Can't prevent • Mules? Clip?, specific breed? - Long-acting IGRs are great - Beware of overt strike - How to manage individual cases - Time crutching and shearing to maximum effect
Footrot in hobby farms what is the important thing to address and things to do
- Biosecurity
- Hysteria
• Unreasonable hysteria often accompanies footrot
• Small hobby farms might just be best off selling all animals and starting again (apply usual biosecurity/quarantine principles)
• Need to understand epidemiology properly
• Eradication is achievable on their flock if the process is worthwhile - Use antibiotics rather than eradication?
• Cure rate only good enough in dry conditions (summer or shearing shed) - 7 day rule still applies
- just cull and start again
OJD - ovine johne’s disease what is the important thing to consider with hobby farms
- Operator safety FOR THE VACCINES - terrible lesions, if not competent then do it yourself
- Probably will need to source small numbers of doses from a bigger farmer because minimum pack size is 100 doses and its expensive
Spotting the sick alpaca how is it done and how to care for sick alpaca
- Alpacas are stoical, they try not to stand out
- Changes in behaviour - get to know each one’s nature, hierarchical position
- Body score your animals at every opportunity, and have your owners do the same
- By the time that the owner thinks that something is wrong, it probably is
sick alpaca - small yards under cover, companion animal for the sick one
Alpaca clinical examination what to be done, rectal temp, HR normal
- Follow an ordered and thorough routine • Rectal temp 38.5c - 39.5c • Heart rate 60 bpm • Auscultate chest • Auscultate C1 at last left intercostal space • Check mucous membrane colour, CRT, inspect oral cavity • Palpate superficial lymph nodes • Perform Body Condition Score
Ophthalmic examination for alpaca what need, drug and differences with dogs/cat
- Find a dark area
- Use magnification
- Tropicamide (Mydriacyl) may take 20-45 minutes to effect dilation, so plan for that
- Differences
○ Large pupillary riff (corpora nigra)
○ Iris colour dark brown
§ light brown - non- pigmented (“blue”)
○ Fundus lacks tapetum
○ Retinal blood vessel pattern- one pair dorsally, two laterally, one ventrally
what are 4 common congenital ocular conditions
- Persistent pupillary membranes
- Ectropion (esp llamas)
- Nasolacrimal puncta agenesis
- “Blue eye” deafness in white animals
Aural examination for alpaca what is important, what equipment needed
- The vertical ear canal becomes very narrow near the transition to horizontal
- Sedation is necessary for a thorough examination
- Small rigid endoscopes are very useful to examine the lower ear & eardrum
What are some common diagnostic procedures done on alpacas and some pitfalls
- Blood analysis
- C1 fluid analysis - pH 6.5 - 7.5, multiple forms of protozoa
- Paracentesis
- Liver biopsy – Ultrasound guided, laparotomy
- Radiography
- Ultrasound – reproductive tract
- Cytology and biopsy – particularly useful for dermatological disease
Diagnostic pitfalls - In house clinical pathology – biochemistry is reliable but red blood cell shape renders benchtop cell counters useless
○ Need to send away - Peritoneal Tap - avoid midline fat
Landmakrs for venepuncture on a alpaca and how to perform
- The alpaca jugular is quite superficial but harder to palpate as don’t become visible (within muscle)
- The ventral process prevents lateral movement
○ Jugular farrow is medial to the ventral process - 30 degrees at the level of the process
- Jugular or carotid??
Llamas vs alpacas with venepuncture
- Jugular skin is very thick - cannot use a vacupuncture needle
- Use an 18g needle
- Preferably have the llama in a chute
what are the 2 main energy metabolism disorders of sick camelids
1) hyperglycaemia - driven by adrenalin
2) lipid metabolism - espeically in lacting and preganncy females
- hypoalbuminea, hepatic lipidosis
hyperglycaemia in alpaca what caused by, therefore what need to beware of and fluid movements associated
Hyperglycaemia driven by adrenalin, to a less extent cortisol, and peripheral insulin resistance
○ Crias are less so than adults – they have a higher insulin response and peripheral insulin sensitivity
○ Sick alpacas usually hyperglycaemic – beware of diagnosing diabetes mellitus -> could just be driven by adrenal when stressed
○ Fluid movements associated with persistent hyperglycaemia
§ Hyperglycaemia stimulates diuresis – primary method of lowering glucose
§ Dehydration causes relative hypernatremia and hyperosmolality worsens
Responding to a sick camelid what are some early signs of metabolism disorders and what to suspect/do
- The early sign of energy metabolism disorders may simply be increased frequency of urination
- Maintain hydration – “Normosol” (low sodium balanced electrolyte)
- Suspect hypoalbuminaemia – give plasma!
○ If not doing well and done blood test, especially in CRIAS - Regular insulin ? – No protocol in place yet. See the work of Chris Cebra, OSU
in terms of injecting alpacas what should you do more commonly and how
- Sterile technique
- Most injections given subcutaneously
○ Less painful than intramuscular (will probably be kicked)
§ High on the thigh (avoid sciatic) if give IM but don’t do often - The skin of alpacas is quite tightly attached compared to other species
- Use the skin in front of and behind the “shoulder blade” – there is very little “loose” skin on the camelid
What are 5 unlikely disorders of camels
- • Bloat -> generally don’t get
- • Footrot
- • Fly strike
- • Mastitis
- • Respiratory infections
What are 7 main likely diagnosis of alpacas
- some skin problems, often allergic
- occasional gastro enteric disorders
- occasional neurological upsets - pasture toxins generally
- occasional parasitic problems
- cancer likely in older animals
- Ear infection, foreign bodies - ear carriage will be down, may shake head.
○ Alpacas have narrow ears and may need sedation for adequate examination - Weepy eyes, suspect grass seeds. May be hidden by third eyelid
what are the 8 main neurological diseases of alpaca
- Congenital abnormalities
- Pasture toxicities - perennial rye & phalaris - most common
- Snakebite
- Ixodes holocyclus
- Heat stress - high temp & humidity in combination
○ Heat cooling mechanisms -> cool grass or wet area to lay on to dissipate heat (only area without dense fibre)
○ THEREFORE - to treat create a wet area for them to lay on - Polioencephalomalacia
- Hepatic encephalopathy - copper injection toxicity
- Meningitis, otitis media - not retrieved grass seed
Sporidesmin what is it, does it do for alpacas
- Pithomyces chartarum - Facial eczema in sheep
- Potent hepatotoxin
- Spore counts useful in high risk areas
