Pig 2 Flashcards
Respiratory disease complex (RDC) what also called, what are the 3 main pathogens within
> Also called Enzootic pneumonia - Mixed infection with: ○ Mycoplasma hyopneumonia (hyo in front = pigs) ○ Pasturella multocida and maybe ○ Actinobacillus pleuropnemonia
Mycoplasma pneumonia what involved with, leads to, clinically characterized by
- Contagious pulmonary disease of pigs.
- Caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumonia.
- Characterised clinically by:
○ Coughing - severe, 14 day duration
○ Unthriftiness
○ Very low mortality
what is the incidence of respiratory disease complex and how is it transmitted
Incidence of RDC - Biggest health problem Worldwide ○ > 90% Australian herds affected ○ Cost approx. $70/ sow /yr. ○ Due effect on: § Medication, mortality, decrease in Feed conversion efficiency, decrease in average daily gain (ADG) How is it Transmitted - Inhalation from aerosol or direct contact with carrier pig. ( windborne 3 Km query 12k) -> farms within 3 km are a threat ○ Carrier pigs -> gilts are the most susceptible for carrying - Affects ciliated epithelium - Lesions seen 3-14 days post infection - Seroconvert 8 weeks post infection
Respiratory disease complex clinical signs in acute form
- Acute form uncommon.
- Occurs when a high health herd first becomes infected.
- Deaths all ages ie suckers through to sows
- After some months will become endemic when all animals infected -> want to become endemic to drop mortality
○ Increase spread of disease by exposing all pigs to infected pigs - Ideally get them all vaccinated and/ or infected ASAP
Respiratory disease complex clinical signs when endemic
- Chronic or enzootic ( endemic) form
○ Infected between 3-18 weeks of age -> generally gilts from mothers act as carriers and increase infection for later
○ Dry cough
○ Sneezing
○ Variation in growth rate in batch -> bad for selling the carcass, cannot sell as not large enough so need to keep feeding OR too large and will be penalised
○ Severe coughing and pneumonia with 2’ infection
○ death not uncommon from 2’ infection
Respiratory disease complex what are 4 main indications that we have it under control
- Few Clinical signs of coughing
- Good ADG (average daily gain - 650-660 range) and FCE (feed conversion efficacy - 3.5-3.6)
- Low mortality
- Few lesions at slaughter -> should be sold at week 22
Respiratory disease complex treatment and diagnosis
Treatment - Antibiotics -> hit both mycoplasma and Pasteurella (secondary bacterial infections is what is killing the animal) - In feed or in water - Based on sensitivities (cant culture) of ○ Tiamulin ○ Pulmotil ○ Amoxicillin ○ Lincomycin ○ Oxytet Diagnosis - Tracheal swab with PCR
What are 7 main ways to control respiratory disease complex
- Vaccination ( lung score 15% to 2%)
- SEW with multisite production
- AI/AO -> All-in/All-out
§ Average daily gain improved by 12%
§ Feed efficiency improved by 7% - Correct stocking density
- Strategic medication of weaners
- correct Ventilation-> insulate sheds, large ridge vents
- Good Housing -> clean between batches, effluent removal
What are the 2 main ways of eradication for respiratory disease complex, which better and what need to be careful of
1. Total Depopulation ○ Cost $700/ sow ○ Logistical nightmare 2. Swiss depopulation ○ cost $100/sow ○ still logistical nightmare - Beware of reintroduction ○ Exposure of gits between 8-10 weeks of age - VACCINE
Swiss depopulation what is it used for and how to perform
used to eradicate respiratory disease complex
○ Stop mating for 2 weeks, 14 weeks before day 0 (allow you to clean up and medicate before need sows farrow down)
§ At day -7 get rid of all animals less than 10 months of age.
§ Day -7 to -1 clean up farm
§ Day 0 commence medication at high level for 14 days
§ Day 15 + sows farrow down.
what age are sows mated, gestation length, weeks of weaning and average day of weaning
210d mated
Gestation is 115days
4 weeks weaning
Average day of weaning is 20 days
Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (APP) what does it cause, compication of, age group affects, contagious status and results in
- Severe respiratory disease
- Most common complication of RDC
- Affects growers/ finishers/ weaners less common
- Highly contagious -> up to 500m distance
- Severe haemorrhagic pneumonia -> due to cytotoxins resulting in haemolysis
- Economically devastating and poor animal welfare
Lungs lesions for slaughter what are you checking for and the signs for each
IS IT APP OR PASTURELLA
APP -> pleusiy, pericarditis, abscesses
Pasturella -> same as APP but no areas of necrotic haemorrhage
Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (APP) how are pigs infected
- Aerosol transmission from carriers
- Will travel on wind for 2 k
- Rapid onset of disease (4-12 hrs)
- Small dose lung lesions only
- Large dose blood poisoning
- (9 hrs post inf)
- Serovars 1, 5, 7 and 12
Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (APP) clinical signs in the two types
- Acute ○ Sudden death ○ Fever ○ Reddened skin ○ Laboured breathing (thumping) ○ Blood stained frothy nasal discharge - Subacute ○ Reduced growth rate ○ Coughing ○ Variable mortality
Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (APP) what are the 2 main other differential diagnosis that it looks like and how to differentiate
1) Glassers disease -> Haemophilus parasuis
○ Occurs earlier (usually weaners)
○ Presents as fading pigs -> leads to septicaemia
○ No haemorrahgic infarcts in lung
○ Fibrin formation, pleuritis 2) Pasturella pneumonia ( see later)
○ No haemorrahgic infarcts in lung
Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (APP) what are the main risk factors
- Respiratory transmission from carrier or recovered pigs
- Multisourcing pigs in SEW / MS
- Predisposing factors
○ Overcrowding
○ Ventilation/ temperature fluctuations
○ Stress
§ Movement
§ PST - growth hormone - NO LONGER USED IN AUSTRALIA
§ Feed changes
Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (APP) treatment and prevention
Treatment - injection of individual pigs - Water medication of at risk group ○ Tetracyclines, Amoxycillin, Tiamulin - Based on Lab culture and sensitivities Prevention - Vaccination of weaners - Multisite rearing plus AI/AO by site (deniliquin) - Strategic medication ○ Cough index ○ Seroconversion pattern ○ Water intake
Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (APP) eradication options and how to perform
- Swiss depop does not work
- Total depopulation or Vaccination of sow and MEW (medicated early weaning)
○ Medicated early weaning; medicate sow for 2 weeks before and while pigs suckling.
○ Wean at 10 days to a new site and medicate weaner diet
Pasturellosis what does it cause, main clinical signs and primary or secondary
- A respiratory disease caused by Pasturella multocida. Very simliar to APP
- May be sub clinical or associated with:
○ Pneumonia
○ Septicaemia
○ Mortality
○ Depressed growth rate - Often 2’ to M.hyo and usually seen in growers or finishers. Can be a primary pathogen
Pasturellosis cliical signs and treatment and prevention
- Acute ○ Sudden death ○ Laboured breathing, cough, cyanosis. - Subacute. ○ Pneumonia ○ Coughing, Fever Treatment - Same as for APP - Treat individual pigs -> not drinking so won't take medicated water - Water medicate at risk group - Prevention see RDC
Streptococcal infection in pigs what generally lead to, prevention and lesions
- Sudden death or nervous signs in suckers, weaners and growers.
- Prevention: Pulse medicate at strategic times, Control environment
Lesions - lungs are wet and heavy (pulmonary oedema), vegetative endocarditis
Mycoplasma hyosynovia what mainly lead to
- respiratory infection
- invades joints
- increased in times of stress such as transport
Causes of sneezing list 6
- Mycoplasma hyopneumonia
- Atrophic rhinitis
- Bordetella bronchiseptica
- Cytomegalovirus
- Dust
- Ammonia
What are 5 main ways to determine whether respiratory disease complex is causing an issue and the main one
- What is growth rate
- Do post mortem on dead pigs
- Check coughing index - MAIN
- When do they seroconvert
- Abattoir check of lung score
coughin index what used for and 5 steps wtihin, what mean intervention
To detect whether respiratory disease complex is an issue 1. Select about 50 pigs 2. Wake them and count coughs for 3 min. 3. Repeat * 3 lots 4. Repeat next day 5. Repeat every 2/4 weeks ○ 3-5 coughs 3 min. borderline ○ > 5 coughs intervene ○ > 10 coughs = trouble
What are the 4 main causing of caughin in weaners
- Mycoplasma pneumonia
- Pasteurella pneumonia
- Pleuropneumonia (APP)
- GLASSERS DISEASE - most common
Glassers disease what caused by and main effects
- Caused by Haemophilus parasuis
- An infectious respiratory disease
- Effects
○ Fibrinous bronchopneumonia is a common finding in animals weaned 7-14 days
○ Empty stomach is typical finding
○ Following invasion of the blood stream, multiplication at multiple serosal surfaces produces the typical, Polyserositis, polyarthritis (and sometimes meningitis) seen in pigs from 14-21 days post weaning
○ Puss in hock joint can also occur -> carpal and tarsal joints
Glassers disease what result in and clinical signs
- Results ○ Sometimes fatal ○ arthritis ○ Bronchopneumonia ○ Polyserositis ○ Meningitis - Clinical signs ○ Suckers or weaners ○ Cough, laboured breathing, fever ○ Fading pigs ○ Rough hair coat ○ Sometimes swollen, painful joints ○ Sometimes, meningitis ○ May be found dead ○ Usually euthanased as poor doers
Glassers disease treatment and prevention
- Treatment ○ Penicillin treatment of individual pigs ○ Group medicate in contact pigs ○ Amoxycillin soluble - Prevention ○ Vaccinate sows- Booster shot at 13 weeks of gestation ( when is colostrum formed???) ○ strategic medication § LA penicillin § Water medication § Feed medication Check housing/ environment
Differentiate between Glassers and PCVAD (porcine circovirus associated disease)
- Glassers usually occurs within 2 weeks of weaning (5-6 weeks of age)
- PCVAD usually not seen till about 8-10 weeks of age with peak occurence/ viraemia @ 10- 13 weeks of age
Sow mortality rates common and what farms lower in and why
- 10% die
○ Half are destroyed on farm for welfare reasons -> mostly lameness - Mortality rates are lower in outdoor farms
○ In smaller groups there is no escape areas for fighting sows
○ Stalls -> can only move forward and backwards and therefore not much room for separation of faeces and laying down -> increased opportunity for ascending infection
§ Not an issue with group housing
Common cause of death in sows what are the 9 main ones
- Hyperthermia at point of farrowing (Heart failure)
- Post farrowing infection
- Oesophago-gastric ulcer
- Gastric accident - torsion of stomach intestine or organ
- Retained pig
- Cystitis
- Clostridium novyi
- Lameness/downer/destruction
- Infectious disease is unusual
What is the major problem with mortality in sows, when generally occur and how to fix
HEAT
- At point of farrowing or within ten days
○ Often in Nov - why?
- Daily temp > 35 degrees
- RR > 100 bpm (resting between 12-18 bpm) -> panting -> like dogs how they remove heat
- Fix
○ Immediate cooling (water) -> not done as much as worried about chilling the piglets
○ Cooling system long term
§ Drip cooling applied to sows in farrowing crates very effectively reduces respiration rate and increases comfort
○ Wallows management for outdoor sows
Post farrowing infection when and how generally occur, what associated with, signs and treatment
- Ascending infection within 24 hours of farrowing
- Often associated with retained pigs -> generally when a manual exam is done without antibiotics afterwards
- Signs
○ Discharge
○ Feed intake decreased -> drops 24 hours before temperature spikes
○ Temperature increased
○ Poor milk production - Treatment
Antibiotics (Amoxycillin, OTC), Meloxicam -> label recommendations
Post farrowing disease what is the most common one, main signs, cause
mastitis - Agalactia (failure of secretion of milk)
○ Usually isolated gland
○ Ascending infection
○ May involve several glands
○ May be a consequence of asynchronous lactation and engorgement
○ Linked to constipation?
○ Mycotoxins can be involved (Ergot) -> powerful vasoconstrictor
Mastitis what need to check to help prevent and treatment
- Always check hygiene and feeding to excess in the last week of gestation or early lactation
- Treatment
○ Amoxycillin
○ Flunixin, meloxicam good
○ Lasix when oedema is excessive
○ Oxytocin to assist let down (need 2-4ml) –> contraindicated in farrowing sows????
Ulcers in sows main causes and clinical signs
- Causes ○ Pelleted feed and low fibre diets § Variable and small particle size ○ Reduced intake or out of feed events? - Clinical signs ○ Vomiting blood and poor condition score
Gastric accidents in sows what occurs, associated with, highest risk period
- Torsion of stomach and/or abdominal organs
- Associated with rapid intake of water and feed
○ Possible pellet feeding, poor grain quality -> fermentation and gas production -> gastric dilation -> pressure on diaphragm -> dyspnoea -> death - Highest risk period in the farrowing house
- Gastric dilation as a consequence of fermentation and gas production
Erysipelas how common in sows, results from
Erysipelas is very common in sows
- Incomplete protection provided by the vaccines
- Large number of cases over periods of weeks are uncommon but this can occur in naïve growing pigs
Clostridial infections what result in, when see, what need to differentaite from and how
- Acute deaths
- See in mid lactation when feed intakes are suddenly high
- Differentiate from gastric accidents
- Rapid decomposition, gas bubbles soon after death
- Response to zinc bacitracin (200ppm) good
Rectal prolapse in sows what is the treatment and what involved
- Sedate the sow, local anaesthetic around the perineal skin
- Reduce and stabilise with an anal purse string suture
- Or, if the tissue is necrotic, suture and amputate
Mycotoxins leading to sow mortality what found in, main types and what do they cause
- Fusarium spp
- Zearalenone: reproductive impact
- Vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol): feed refusal
- Ochratoxin: nephropathy
- Aflatoxin: immunosuppression
- Ergot (sorghum): agalactia following vasoconstriction
- Fumonisin: liver dysfunction
