Cattle 4 Flashcards
Diseases that occur 1-7 days of age the main one, what age, mortality and pathogenesis
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (<4 days)
- Calves < 4 days
○ High morbidity, low-high mortality (6-12 hours)
○ Pathogenesis
§ Not destroyed in abomasum
§ Colonise proximal part of small intestines
§ Receptor specific (F antigen) -> resistance at 48 hours - THEREFORE ONLY ABLE TO CAUSE ISSUE IN REALLY YOUNG ANIMALS
§ Produce toxins -> hypersecretion and malabsorption -> FAST DEHYDRATION
Enterotoxigenic E. coli at what age, transmission and clinical presentation
< 4 days old
○ Recirculation of disease
§ Infected between 12 hours and 4 days of age
§ Infected animals -> environmental contamination -> faecal-oral
□ Cleaning between batches of calves is very important
§ 6 months in soil, 3 + months in water
- Clinical presentation
○ Yellow-white, piperstream diarrhoea, malodourous
○ Defecation is involuntary - VERY SICK
○ Hypothermic, weak, anorexic, dehydration, death, within a few hours or found dead
Navel ill at what age generally occur, what is it, common in, causes and leads to and treatment
7-14 days of age
- Infection of the umbilical cord
○ Common in housed/intensively reared calves
○ Housing, faeca management, asepsis for umbilicus (iodine)
- Non-specific pathogens
○ Strep, E.coli, staph, pyogenes
- Umbilical infection -> abscess -> septicaemia
○ Local infection: omphalitis, omphalophlebitis
○ Septicaemia: urachitis, polyarthritis, meningitis
- Treatment
○ Lance the abscess
○ Antibiotics if severely sick and think systemic infection
Rotavirus at what age, how common, mortality and pathogenesis
(<7-10d)
- Most commonly diagnosed at this age
○ Often with others (crypto, E.coli, salmo)
○ Moderate to high morbidity, moderate mortality
- Pathogenesis
○ Enterocyte cell receptor SI -> internalised -> enterocyte loss -> villous atrophy
○ Normal secretion, decrease absorption = maldigestion, malabsorption
○ Self-limiting disease, cell regenerate
§ Need stress and poor hygiene to cause disease -> just pathogen alone will not result
Rotavirus at what age, transmission/reciruclatin and clinical presentation (two main types)
<7-10
- Recirculation of disease
○ Infected cows/calves excrete
○ Up to 50% calves are subclinical/carriers - source of new infection
○ Water > 2 weeks, up to 9months in faeces/effluent
- Clinical presentation
○ Mild case - rotavirus and cryptosporidium
§ Bright and alert, pasty yellow diarrhoea
○ Severe case - rotavirus and cryptosporidium
§ Dehydrated with systemic signs (unable to stand, sunken eyes, purulent nasal discharge)
Coronavirus at what age, how common, mortality and pathogenesis
(5-20d)
- Less common than rotavirus
○ Increasing prevalence
○ Low-moderate morbifity, low mortality
§ 15-20% lower than rotavirus
○ Often occurs with others (crypto, rotavirus)
- Pathogenesis
○ SI and LI enterocytes -> villous atrophy -> maldigestion, malabsorption +/- colitis (haemorrhage or mucoid)
Epithelial of nasal turbinates -> mild intestinal pneumonia
Coronavirus age, recirulation of disease and clinical presentation
5-20 days
- Recirculation of disease
○ Faecal-oral or respiratory route of infection
○ Sensitive to disinfection
- Clinical presentation
○ Faeces profuse, watery -> mucus, undigested milk curd +/- blood
○ Strain to defecate if colitis
Salmonella age, mortality, species common and pathogenesis
(7-10d)
- Overview
○ Moderate-high morbidity, low-high mortality
○ Salmonella typhimurium most common
○ Salmonella dublin - septicaemia in calves
§ Long terms carriers
- Pathogenesis (high infective dose requirement)
○ Reversible, attachment -> irreversible, receptor mediated binding (-> bacteriaemia -> lungs, meninges, joints)
○ Cell destruction -> haemorrhagic enteritis
○ Malabsorption, maldigestion, protein loss, fluid loss +/- bacteriaemia
Salmonella age, recirculation of disease and clinical presentation
7-10d
- Recirculation of disease
○ Infection <24 hours, incubation 24-48 hours, disease 7-10days old
○ Asymptomatic carriers (stress causes shedding)
○ Several years in environment
- Clinical presentation
○ >10 days old - VERY SICK
○ Acute septicaemia/enteritis -> chronic enteritis
○ Pyrexia (initially), anorexia, depressed, recumbent
○ Dysentery: smell necrotic, fresh blood, pieces of mucosa
Sequelae: poor growth, polyathritis, necrosis of ears/tail/digits
Cryptospordium age, mortality, species, lifecycle, pathogenesis, resistance and presentation
(4 day to 4 weeks)
- High morbidity, low mortality
- C. parvum (SI) and C. muris (Abomasum)
- Direct lifecycle - faecal oral route, PPP of 6 months
- Pathogenesis
○ Infection of enterocytes -> cell destruction -> mild villous atrophy -> malabsorption
§ Low mortality, high morbidity
- Age related resistance
○ Incidence of disease peaks 2-3 weeks post calving
- Clinical presentation
○ Diarrhoea: yellow, watery (like rotavirus), pasty, grey, mucoid/slimy
○ SIMILAR TO ROTAVIRUS
Coccidosis what age and results
- Typically a disease in older calves
○ Can affect calves as young as 3 weeks old - Corrugations of the colon -> diarrhoea
Respiratory disease in neonates at what age generally and the 3 types
generally older than 1 month of age
1) aspiration pneumonia
2) enzootic pneumonia (2-5 months)
3) mycoplasma (uncommon)
Aspiration pneumonia what age, result from and lead to
generally older than 1 month of age
- Incorrect stomach tubing
- Congenital defect - cleft palate
- Abnormal suckling
- respiratory disease
Enzootic pneumonia what age, pathogens, risk factors, lead to and clinical presentation (2 forms)
(2-5 months)
- Pathogens: ubiquitous, normal flora
○ Shipping fever complex
○ Stress, compounding effects of ‘normal’ flora
○ Moderate morbidity, low mortality
- Risk factors
○ Housed indoors, crowded, poor ventilation
- Bronchopneumonia
○ 1st viral pneumonia: P13, BoHV-1, BRSV
○ 2nd bacterial pneumonia: Mannheimia, Pasteurella, Fusobacterium
- Clinical presentation
○ Chronic form: bright, eating, slight mucoid nasal or mucopurulent oculonasal discharge, dry, hacking cough
○ Enzootic: harsh, dry cough, febrile, dull, inappetant, dyspnoea, tachypnoea +/- wheezing, crackling lung sounds
§ Treatment with NSAIDS but also environment - NURITION, HYGIENE, HOUSING
Mycoplasma in calves how common, risk factors, treatment and clinical presentation
- Mycoplasma spp ○ More common in dairy goats ○ Rare outbreaks in calves - Risk factors ○ Non-pasteurised bulk milk and colostrum ○ Direct contact, formites - Treatment ○ Antibiotics: tetracyclines, tylosin ○ NSAIDS: ketoprofen - Clinical presentation ○ Lameness (polyarthritis), mild conjunctivitis ○ Multifocal lobular pneumonia (+/- respiratory distress)
With all calf diseases what are the 2 main steps
- Treat what is in front of you -> antibiotics, NSAIDS, fluids
- Ensure doesn’t happen again -> talk to the farmer about preventative measures
○ Stocking rate, husbandry, hygiene, cleaning between batches, colostrum management
NUTIRITON, HYGIENE, HOUSING
Clinical examination of calves what needs to be done and normal parameters
generally not 5 station just targeted exam
- Standing within 1 hr (hypoxia/trauma)
- Suckle reflex present at birth, no menace (d-weeks)
- HR: 80-100bpm; RR: 24-26bpm, Temp: 38.5-39.5 degrees
- GIT exam: no rumen sounds, palpation > percussion
- Rectal exam:
○ Digital exam - faecal sample - feel rectal mucosa (coccidiosis)
- Umbilicus:
○ Moist - 2 days, falls off 10-14 d
Treatment/diagnostic and management plan for neonatal disease what are the main things involved
- What do I do right now?
○ Diagnosis, fluid therapy, antibiotics, heat - What needs to happen in the next few weeks?
○ Disinfection, quarantine, follow-up treatments - How do we prevent it from happening again
○ Management review
§ Minimise exposure
§ Maximise immunity
Diagnostic aids for neonatal disease and which diseases useful for
- Thorough history - age, # affected, progression - mortality and morbidity
- Clinical exam - straining, faeces, dehydration
- Faecal samples (3-4 affected calves)
○ Faecal floats - crypto, coccidia
○ Faecal culture - E.coli, salmonella
○ ELISA - rotavirus, coronavirus - INTERPRETATION - Post mortem (>1 representative animal)
○ Histopathology - crypto, coccidia, salmonella, rotavirus, coronavirus - Other
○ Respiratory: nasal swab, trans
What are the 3 main types of diarrhoea, main pathogen and results
- Exudative diarrhoea (salmonella)
○ Acute/chronic inflammation -> necrosis - Malabsorption (rotavirus)
○ Increase osmotic pressure -> fluid into lumen
○ Often destroy villous absorptive cells - Hypersecretion (E.coli)
○ Increase cellular secretion without cell damage
○ Na, C, and water into the lumen, can’t absorb
What needs to be done in the treatment of diarrhoea in calves
- Correct dehydration
- Correct the acidosis
- Correct the electrolyte loss
- Provide an energy source
- Maintain cardiovascular function
- Treat the causative agent
DONE VIA fluid therapy, nutrition and medications
Fluid therapy for sick calves what are the steps
1) how much
2) how to give
- oral or parenteral
3) which product
- isotonic with added sodium bicarbonate
- hypertonic saline followed by oral sodium biocarb
- hypertonic saline containing sodium bicarb followed by oral isotonic electrolytes
4) checking progress
In terms of fluid therapy for scouring calf how much needed and how to determine
(50kg calf) - Scouring, dehydrated calves require from 8.5 to 11 litres of fluid DAILY
§ Normal daily requirement = 3-4 L (maintenance: 60-80ml/kg/d)
§ Make up for ongoing losses = 1-3L (approx. 20-60ml/kg/d)
Make up for dehydration (and acidosis) - table in cue cards
giving oral fluids for scouring calves when give, when not give, how much at what frequency, how does milk come into this
(<8% dehydrated)
§ Suckle reflex weak to good – IF NOT GIVE IV FLUIDS
§ Give 1.5 to 2L at a time, 3-4 times a day
□ Often feed milk morning and night and then supplement this during the day
□ Ad lib access to water
§ Leave 4 to 6 hours after a milk feed
□ Feed milk at night
§ Do we need to withhold milk?
□ Rest the gut approach
□ Continue to give milk with ‘lytes as additional feed
§ MAINTAIN FLUID-MILK RATION PLUR ORAL LYTES WHERE POSSIBLE
§ IF DEPRESSED/REFUSE TO SUCKLE - WITHHOLD FOR <24 HOURS (2 FEEDs) AND SUBSTITUTE WITH HYPERTONIE ORAL ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION
Giving parenteral fluids to scouring calves when give, why give, ways to give, examples and how to give
§ If calf is unable to rise, no suckle reflex, inappetant § Isotonic vs hypertonic + oral fluid □ Hypertonic - no if severely dehydrated § IV, SC, IP □ IV most rapid followed by SC then IP □ PREFERRED when on farm is IV § Examples □ Lactated ringers solution □ Acetated ringer solution □ Isotonic sodium bicarbonate □ Hypertonic saline □ Hypertonic saline bicarbonate § How give □ Warm the fluids, gravity fed IV fluids, best to contain in small area, provide bedding, warmth and shelter □ Can hog tie the calves - tie their legs together so cannot move while occurring and pull it out □ Jugular or Auricular vein catheterisation - can glue or suture it in
In terms of choosing a production for fluid therapy in scouring calves what are the goals, how achieve and max rate over what time period
○ Goal § Correct dehydration - FLUID VOLUME § Correct the acidosis - BICARBONATE § Correct the electrolyte loss - Na, K, Cl, AA's § Provide an energy source GLUCOSE § Maintain cardiovascular function § Treat the causative agent ○ Max rate: 80ml/kg/hr (30-50ml/kg/hr more common) - give over 4 hours
What are the 3 main options for products used for scouring calves, how give and main effects
1) Isotonic IVF with added sodium bicarbonate
□ Large volume, slow delivery
□ Approx. 10% calf BW over few hours (eg 4L for 40kg calf)
□ Homemade recipes available
2) Hypertonic saline IV immediate followed by oral sodium bicarbonate
□ 4-5ml/kg given over 4 mins
□ Rapid volume resuscitating, alkalising effects slowly
3) Hypertonic saline containing sodium bicarb IV immediate followed by oral isotonic electrolytes
□ 8.4% solution, 1mEq.ml bicarb
□ Rapid volume resuscitation and correction of acidosis
□ More expensive
Checking progress of fluid therapy for calves, what looking for and what if not responding
- If calf can suckle after initial resuscitation then switch to per-oral
- Urination in 30-60mins
- Improvements
○ Mental status
○ Hydration status
○ Restoration of suckle reflex
§ If not: check for septicaemia/omphalitis/pneumonia
○ Stand within a few hours of IVFT - Can repeat the IV fluid therapy but if not responding to the second something else really wrong
Treating the causative agent in treatment of scours in calves what is the main thing used and other treatments (details of these)
1) antibiotics
2) anti-inflammatories
§ Corticosteroids - limited use in diarrhoea and calves - already secreting glucocorticoids - ALREADY STRESSED
§ NSAIDS - eg. Meloxicam, flunixin - some benefit - dehydrated so be careful -> if possible give fluids first
3) halocur (crytosporidium parvum) - oral drench for calves age 1-21days - good for outbreak situations
4) baycox (coccidosis)
§ Oral treatment and prevention of coccidiosis - prevention is best
§ Up to 9 months of age
Antibiotics for calf scouring indications and selection
○ Indications
§ Diarrhoea PLUS systemic signs including decrease suckle
§ Blood/mucus in faeces (bacteraemia)
§ Documented FPT
§ Bacterial disease
§ Viral disease- NOTHING IN AUSTRALIA AT THE MOMENT - supportive treatment only
§ Diarrhoea syndrome - E.coli overgrowth, 30% bacteraemic
○ Antimicrobial selection
§ Target E.coli in SI, bacteraemia
§ Gram negative activity
§ Septicaemia: bactericidal
In terms of antibiotic options for calf scours list examples of bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic
○ Bacteriocidal compounds (esp. septicaemia - NEEDS TO KILL QUICKLY)
§ Third generation cephloporins (ceftiofur)
§ Aminoglycosides (neomycin)
§ Broad spectrum penicillin (amoxcillin, ampicillin)
§ Potentiated sulphonamides (TMPS)
○ Bacteriostatic compounds - slows the growth
§ Sulphonamides
§ Tetracyclines
Vaccines for prevention of calf scours what are the 3 main ones, what used for, what vaccinate and when
1) E.coli (Bovilis E)
§ Vaccinate dams late in gestation
§ Transfer of anti-K99 (F5 antigen) -> block binding
2) S. Dublin and S. Typhimurium (Bovilis S)
§ Dams vaccinated 8 and 3 weeks pre-calving
§ Conflicting reports
§ Partial protection, but incomplete
3) Rotavirus/coronavirus (rotavec corona)
§ Vax neonates; modified, live, oral formulation at birth
§ Vax dams: modified live/inactivated - SC infection
§ Conflicting reports - efficacy unknown
Prognosis for milk, severe and septicaemia scours and what needs to be done in all cases that resolve
- Mild to moderate disease ○ Oral fluids, AB's - good prognosis - Severe disease ○ Aggressive IV fluids, good nursing - can survive - Septicaemia ○ Poorer prognosis ○ Risk of polyarthritis if they survive - All cases that resolve ○ Reduced GR due to intestinal malabsorption (temp/perm) ○ Need quality nutrition
What are the 7 steps in the management of calf scouring outbreak
- Triage
- Categorise/group by severity
- Practical treatment/management plan
○ Resuscitation, fluids -> need to development plan with farmer - give prognosis - Reduce further contamination
- Reduce exposure
- Decontaminate areas
- CLIENT COMMUNICATION at the end of the visit
In terms of client communication for calf scours outbreak what is important
- Summarise in 3 points
- Write instructions down (clinic handouts)
- Empathise (it is more work)
- Explain why/importance
- Follow up phone call
CASE - - Scouring calves 1-3 weeks of age - Morbidity 80-100% in some batches - Mortality 20% - Mucoid/bloody scour through to coloured water - Temperature subnormal or normal - Collapsed calves approx. 10+% dehydrated What is the likely causes
- Viral - rotavirus or coronavirus
- Protozoal - cryptosporidium
Several calves: moderate skin tenting, recumbent, moderately depressed…
What is their likely dehydration status?
What is the best resuscitative fluid therapy to supply (assume 40 kg LWT)
- ~9% dehydrated
- 3.6 L bicarb & Hartmann’s IV - 0.09 x 40 = 3.6
Diagnostic appraoch to urinary tract disease 6 main things can do
- Get a good history
- Look at the environment
- Observe the animal at rest
- Observe urination (aka micrturition)
- General clinical examination
○ Including urinary tract
§ External - vulva, escutcheon
□ Crystals, bleeding, puss
§ Internal - kidney, ureters, bladder contents and wall - Blood samples - not so often
○ Blood urea nitrogen (in plasma)
§ Indicates renal perfusion or renal insufficiency
§ Limited application due to time and cost
What are the 3 main ways urinary disease manifests and things within
1) Abnormal urination ○ Stranguria (straining, painful) ○ Pollakiuria (frequent) ○ Polyuria (excessive volume) ○ Oliguria (reduced volumes) ○ Anuria (absent) 2) Abnormal appearance/contents of urine ○ Colour: from colourless to chardonnay § Normally clear ○ Clarity: clear and transparent § Normally DON'T have floaties ○ Smell: like cow's urine ○ pH: 7-9 ○ Protein/ketones/blood: nil or trace ○ Specific gravity - 1.020 - 1.050 3) Non-specific "sick cow"
Dysuria what are the 4 main causes
- Cystitis
- Pyelonephritis
- Obstructive urolithiasis
- Vaginitis
