Small ruminant P & P (Maunsell) Flashcards
Outline
- small ruminant production
- smal ruminant veterinary practice
- health management and Prev. Med
- Overview of important/common production limited dz
percent of worlds goats that live in developing countries
96%
world wide there are more goats than
cattle
Use of goats
- meat
- fiber: cashmere, mohair/angora
- dairy: milk and cheese
- skins: leather, clothing
- specialty
- pets and companions
- brush/weed control
- pack/draft
- scientific
goats in US in 2012
- 2.7 million
- mostly meat: Boer
meat breeds
- Boer
- Spanish
- Kiko
Pet goat breeds
- fainting
- pygmy
Fainting goats
- Cl channel defect
- physical activity, auditory, visual stimuli
- autosomal dominant, not obvious at birth
- No treatment
Fiber breeds
- Angora
- mohair
- meat
- Other
- produce cashmere (this is not a breed)
common dairy goat breeds
- alpine
- La mancha
- nubian
- oberhasli
- saanen
- toggenburg
Sheep worldwide
- 1.2 billion
- largest in China, Australia, India, Iran
Uses for sheep
- Fiber: wool for clothing, carpet
- meat
- dairy: cheese
- skins: leather, clothing, rugs
- specialty: scientific
Number sheep in US in 2012
- 5.4 million
- mostly in west
- 80% for meat some fiber
- grain or grass-finishing
- hair sheep fasting growing segment of US industry
- veterinary services not widely used by US sheep producers
Common sheep breeds in US
- Cheviot
- Dorset
- Hampshire
- Southdown
- Suffolk
- Texel
- Tunis
Common fine-wool breeds
- merina
- Rambouillet
Common long-wool sheep breeds
- border Leicester
- romney
Dual purpose sheep breeds
- Corriedale
Dairy sheep breeds
- East friesian
- Lacaune
Hair sheep breeds in US
- originated from hot environments
- no need to shear
- many non-seasonal breeders
- common breeds
- dorper
- katahdin
- royal white
- st. croix
- barbados blackbelly
- american blackbelly
Small ruminat dairy regulatory standards
- somatic cell count
- higher normal SCC than cow milk (cows: most sold at less than 450 million)
- legal limit 1 x 106 cells
- standard plate count (total aerobic bact count)
- same as for cow milk
- legal limit 100,000 cells/m
- reasonable goal is < 5,000 cells/ml
Raw milk consumption
- milk, cream, yogurt & ice cream
- butter and cheese not considered raw b/c of processing
- sale of raw milk for human consumption illegal in some states (FL)
- some states allow in circumstances
- consumption of raw milk widespread
- most raw small ruminant milk and milk products high quality
- be aware of zoonotic dz risks associated with raw milk consumption
- sub-clinical fungal mastitis - don’t drink this milk
Zoonoses related to raw milk consumption
- risk foodborne dz from raw milk products 150 x higher than if you don’t consume raw products
- zoonoses
- campylobacter jejuni
- Q fever outbreak (mostly from contact tho)
- washington
- oregon
- montana
- Listeriosis
- 5.2 outbreaks zoonoses per year
- children/teenagers
- immunocompromised
- Serious issue in countries with Brucella melitensis: there is a vaccine
true/fals
There are more goats worldwide than cattle?
True
True/false
Boer, Spanish and Kiko are popular meat goat breeds in US?
True
true/false
Small ruminant milk typically has a lower somatic cell count than cow milk
false
true/false
Meat and wool production are most common uses of sheep in US>
true
Distinguishing sheep from goats
- Sheep
- tail always hangs down
- never beard or wattles
- More distinct upper lip divided by distinct philtrum
- Goats
- many are horned
- tail usually erect
- beards, wattles
Goat behavoir
- > 50% time browsing (prefer
- picky eaters, but will try things
- climb, rocky elevated locations
- antagonistic behavoir: sideways hooking motion
- fighting: rear on hind legs
- alarm signal: high pitched neeze
- curious, not as easily frightened as sheep
- newborns: ‘lying out’ will freeze some distance from mother
Behavoir of sheep
- Grazers: monotonous diet
- Grasslands, not climbers
- antagonistic behavoir: butt head on
- fighting: butt head on
- alarm signal: snort and stamp one forefoot, compact bunch
- when frightened: run in flock
- stress results from isolation/unfamiliarity
- newborns: ‘lying in’ remain close to mom
Moving sheep
- move better around corners and up hills
- prefer well-lighted areas
- respond well to herding dogs
- be away of crushing in corners of confined spaces
- sheep: make move in group
Individual restrain
- standing one hand under mandible and other holding tail
- Goats can be restrained at BASE of horn not tip (torquing)
- Sheep can bbe sat on rump
- can be trained to halter
Moving
- Move in groups
- don’t overcrowd
- avoid transport
- pregnant ewes/does in last 4-6 weeks gestation
- heat and cold stress considerations
PE
SIck/from normal
- Look from distance
- animal may be listless, not eating when others are
- poorer body condition
- lagging behind group
- resting/walking on knees
PE
special considerations rams
- check sinuses: tap on sinuses, can listen with stethascope
- feel for air out of nostril
- funky smell
- teeth
body weight
- weight tapes
- dairy animals
- meat animals
- record weights when giving meds for DOSING!
BCS
- BCS 1: spine prominant and sharp, transverse process sharp
-
BCS 3: Spine rounded and smooth, transverse process smooth and rounded
- IDEAL
- BCS 5: Spine not detectable fat dimple over space, r
Estimating age of sheep and goats
- < 1 yr old: no permanent teeth
- 1 yr old: 2 permanent teeth
- 2 yr old: 4 permanent teeth
- 3 yr old: 6 permanent teeth
- 4 yr old: 8 permanent teeth
- > 4 yrs old: worn permanent teeth
Drug use in Small ruminants
- few approved FDA drugs
- extra-label permitted only when animal’s health threatened or animal is suffering
- not allowed if will cause residue
- requires valid VCPR
- restricts use by laypeople
- permits admin via water
- disallows in or on fee
Nutrition
- Water: clean, fresh, sensitive, 3.5-15 liters/day, doubles in pregnancy/lactation
- Feeding systems
- appropriate mineral supplement
- BCS 2.5-3
- no more than 1 pound grain a day
Nutrition
Breeding males
- enter season close to a 4
- lose about 10% BW during breeding season
- 1-2 lbs per grain before season/or pasture equivalent 4-6 weeks before breeding season
- other wise maintenance level feed
Nutrition
adult females
- should be in BCS 2.5-3 at breeding
- early gestation: build/maintain BCS 3-3.5
- can maintain on pasture/range or mod quality hay
- late gestation (last 6 weeks) 70-80% fetal growth
- Ewes: 2-2.5 pounds cereal grain
- Does: 1-2 lb concentrate
- Lactation: peak milk prod 2-3 weeks post-partum
- 0.5-1 pound concentrate/4 lb milk
- fed as TMR or after hay to avoid acidosis
- 0.5-1 pound concentrate/4 lb milk
Feeding kids and lambs
Newborns
- Colostrum: 10% bw in first 12h (4-6 hours)
- 3d-6weeks: 15-20% of bw milk
- make sure if milk replacer it is small ruminant, not cow
- 3 weeks: start to eat significant amt of solid feed
Nutrition: kids and lambs
- creep feed
- kids and lambs can reach, but not adults
- accelerates rumin development
- start at 1-2 weeks of age
- include a coccidiostat
Nutrition: finishing (weaning to market)
- feedlots: avoid rumen acidosis
- 10% roughage
- include rumen buffers
- avoid sudden dietary changes
Toxic plants
don’t see a ton of toxicity
-usually only in starving animals
true/false
Pet sheep and goats tend to become obese and should be limit fed to maintain BCS of 2.5 to 3.0 out of 5.
true
true/false
Sheep prefer to obtain 80% of diet by browsing and about 20% by grazing.
false
true/false
Urine acidifiers are often used in diets of pet wethers to help prevent urolithiasis.
true
true/false
Ewes and does typically require supplemental feeding in late gestation, particularly when carrying multiple fetuses.
true
true/false
To avoid rumen acidosis when feeding large amounts of grain, it should be fed as part of a TMR or following hay feeding.
true
Repro management
- puberty varies
- 5-12 months old
- first breeding at 70% mature size
- reproductive rate
- # offspring per female exposed for breeding
Repro seasonality in ewes and does
- seasonally poly-estrus: short day breeders
- melatonin
- shortening day length
- affected by many factors
- induction of cyclicity by abrupt intro of male
- Whitten Effect: early start on breeding season
Breeding
- Heat
- does: flagging, vocalizing, mounting
- Bucks - smelly to handle during rut
- urine spraying, inc scent gland activity
- smell attracts female, helps trigger estrus
- most is natural service
- AI based on heat detection or timed AI
Pregnancy dx in ewes and does
- progesterone
- diagnosing non-preg by low progesterone > 5 days post breeding
- preg-specific protein b
- ultrasound: 45-90 days
- any later you cant count multiples
Scrapie ear tags
- required for sheep and goats > 1 yr of age moving via interstate commerce
Disbudding goat kids
- most goat breeds:
- 5-7 days does
- 3-5 days bucks
- nubian, pygmy, angora: 10-14 days
- restraint, sedation
- zylazine/ketamine/butorphanol
- gas anesthesia
- local nerve block
- be careful with lidocaine doses
- dilute 2% lidocaine to 0.5% with sterile water
- inject 1 ml over each 4 nerves
- be careful with lidocaine doses
DIsbudding
- clip hair over bud
- heat cautery iron to destroy horn corium
- apply for 10 seconds
- better than caustic paste
- older goats
- small barnes calf dehorner up to 6 weeks of age
- surgical dehorning under general anesthesia
Descenting
- usually removed with disbudding in horned males
- may be sx removed
- males castrated before 7.5 months don’t develop the gland
true/false
If male kids are castrated prior to puberty, the scent glands on the head do not mature.
True
true/false
Goat kids should generally be disbudded in the first week of life, except Nubian, Pygmy and Angora kids at 10-14 days.
true
true/false
To disbud kids, an electric dehorning iron should be applied to bud for 60 seconds.
false (max 10 seconds)
true/false
lidocaine should typically be diluted to 0.5% prior to use for disbudding goat kids.
true
Castration
- elastrator bands may predispose to tetanus
- burdizzo: closed castration by crushing spermaticord
- also may predispose to tetanus
- surgical
- lidocaine, NSAIDS
- 70% ram lambs castrated in US
- Older male
- surgical with deep sedation and local blocks
castration timing
- best done 4-14 days unless to be pets (urolithiasis)
- pets do at 6-8 weeks old esp in pygmies or mini breeds
Tail docking of lambs
- common for wool breeds
- prevents manure build up
- best at > 24hrs to 7 days of age
- must be before 6 weeks old
- length
- should cover vulva
- if too short predisposes to rectal prolapse and perineal neoplasia
- Must be longer than caudal tail fold
- should cover vulva
Hoof care
- trim twice yearly
- manual or air compression driven shears
Preventative health
- targeted parasite control
- vaccination schedules
- time periods
- weaning to breeding
- maintenance
- late gestation
- lactating
- rams and bucks
- pets (Clostridium CDT)
Nematode parasites
- Haemonchus
- H. contortus most sig with respect to clinical dz and resistance in SE USA
- Ostertagia
- problem in temperate climates
- Trichostrongylus
- inc susceptibility:
- overcrowding, overgrazing, malnutrition, poor quality pasture
FAMACHA
- treat 4s and 5s
- check every 3-4 weeks
- cull animals requiring many txs
Controlling internal parasites
- dont feed on ground, clean waterers
- pasture management
- don’t overstock
- rest pastures (2-6 months)
- treated animals should go onto contaminated pastures or mixed with untreated animals
- supplement feed if pastures is stressed
- multi-species grazing
- tannin rich forage
- quarantine new arrivals
- genetic selection for parasite-resistant populations
Routine vaccinations
- clostridium perfringens C, D
- Tetanus
- contagious ecthyma (orf) if a prolem in herd
other vaccine
- if dam vaccination
- vaccinate babies at 10 wks, booster 2-4 weeks later
- if dam not vaccinated
- vaccinate at 4 weeks, booster 2-4 weeks later
- use antitoxin if needed for additional interim protection
non-routine vaccines
- 7 or 8 way clostridial vaccines
- rabies
- intranasal P13
- Respiratory syncitial virus
- abortion dzs
- footrot
- caseous lymphadenitis
- enterotoxogenic E. Coli
care neonates
- colostrum
- if > 24 hours: plasma transfusion
- dip naval
- assisst at first nursing
- inject with vit E/selenium in Se-deficient areas
- including Florida
5 Cs of lamb/kid raising
- colostrum
- calories
- cleanliness
- comfort
- consistency
predation
- Lamas
- guard dogs
- donkeys
Contagious ecthyma
- parapox virus (sore mouth, orf)
- signs
- blisters mouth, teats
- prognosis: good, self-limiting
- prevention: vaccination (use a scab)
- zoonotic: use gloves
external parasites
- lice (bloodsucking and biting, sheep/goat specific)
- mites (sarcoptic, chorioptic, psorptic and demodectic mange)
- skin scrapings
Caseous lymphadenitis
- corynebacterium pseudotuburculosis
- lymph node abcess
- prog: recovery is rare
- prevention: sanitation, cull
- TX: drain or sx
- prevention: quarantine/sanitize, make shearers sanitize equiptment
polyarthritis
- mycoplasma, chlamydia pecorum
- usually yount animals
- prognosis: poor
- prevention: maintain closed herd
- tx: oxytetracycline 5 days
foot rot
- dichelobacter nodosus (foot) + Fusobacterium necrophorum (soil)
- severe lameness, foul odor
- prognosis: animals can be carriers
- prevention: foot trimming and food baths, cull chronics
- dz can be eradicated
Scrapie
- prion dz
- 1-5 yrs old, pruritis, bruxism, CNS
- fatal and irreversible
- reportable dz
Tetanus
- clostridium tetani
- CS same as other spp
- prog: poor
- tx: vaccination, antitoxin after wounds/high risk procedures
Coccidiosis
- imp prob in small ruminants (several species)
- dz around weaning, and feedlot lambs
- diarrhea, tenesmus possible, bloody mucus, weight loss
- amprolium or sulfa drugs
- animals will never reach their potential
Blue tongue
- orbivirus
- can be severe in fl
- mostly sheep for clinical dz
- spread by flies
- fever, sudden death, erosions on lips/gums/tongues
- prog: poor
- vaccination only in cali
- reduce exposure
- supportive care only tx
pregnancy toxemia
- often fatal, caused by negative energy balance
- hypoglycemia, inc fat catabolism, ketones, CNS signs
- indications for c-sections
- can induce parturtition, IV dextrose
- Prevention: high plane nutrition last 2 months gestation
Name the dz:
Weight loss and ill thrift in mature animals.
Paratuberculosis
name the dz:
Chronic, progressive pruritis
scrapie
name the orgnism:
Caseous lymphadenitis
corynebacterium ovis
name the dz:
Diarrhea in post-weaning lambs and kids
coccidiosis
name the dz:
Often concurrent cases of arthritis
Mycoplasmal pneumonia
name the dz:
Feed a diet with a calcium:phosphorous ratio of at 2:1
Urolithiasis
