Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

P&P final > Small ruminant P & P (Maunsell) > Flashcards

Small ruminant P & P (Maunsell) Flashcards

1
Q

Outline

A
  1. small ruminant production
  2. smal ruminant veterinary practice
  3. health management and Prev. Med
  4. Overview of important/common production limited dz
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

percent of worlds goats that live in developing countries

A

96%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

world wide there are more goats than

A

cattle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Use of goats

A
  • meat
  • fiber: cashmere, mohair/angora
  • dairy: milk and cheese
  • skins: leather, clothing
  • specialty
    • pets and companions
    • brush/weed control
    • pack/draft
    • scientific
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

goats in US in 2012

A
  • 2.7 million
    • mostly meat: Boer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

meat breeds

A
  • Boer
  • Spanish
  • Kiko
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pet goat breeds

A
  • fainting
  • pygmy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fainting goats

A
  • Cl channel defect
  • physical activity, auditory, visual stimuli
  • autosomal dominant, not obvious at birth
  • No treatment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fiber breeds

A
  • Angora
    • mohair
    • meat
  • Other
    • produce cashmere (this is not a breed)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

common dairy goat breeds

A
  • alpine
  • La mancha
  • nubian
  • oberhasli
  • saanen
  • toggenburg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sheep worldwide

A
  • 1.2 billion
    • largest in China, Australia, India, Iran
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Uses for sheep

A
  • Fiber: wool for clothing, carpet
  • meat
  • dairy: cheese
  • skins: leather, clothing, rugs
  • specialty: scientific
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Number sheep in US in 2012

A
  • 5.4 million
    • mostly in west
  • 80% for meat some fiber
    • grain or grass-finishing
    • hair sheep fasting growing segment of US industry
  • veterinary services not widely used by US sheep producers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Common sheep breeds in US

A
  • Cheviot
  • Dorset
  • Hampshire
  • Southdown
  • Suffolk
  • Texel
  • Tunis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Common fine-wool breeds

A
  • merina
  • Rambouillet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Common long-wool sheep breeds

A
  • border Leicester
  • romney
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dual purpose sheep breeds

A
  • Corriedale
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Dairy sheep breeds

A
  • East friesian
  • Lacaune
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hair sheep breeds in US

A
  • originated from hot environments
  • no need to shear
  • many non-seasonal breeders
  • common breeds
    • dorper
    • katahdin
    • royal white
    • st. croix
    • barbados blackbelly
    • american blackbelly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Small ruminat dairy regulatory standards

A
  • somatic cell count
    • higher normal SCC than cow milk (cows: most sold at less than 450 million)
    • legal limit 1 x 106 cells
  • standard plate count (total aerobic bact count)
    • same as for cow milk
    • legal limit 100,000 cells/m
    • reasonable goal is < 5,000 cells/ml
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Raw milk consumption

A
  • milk, cream, yogurt & ice cream
    • butter and cheese not considered raw b/c of processing
  • sale of raw milk for human consumption illegal in some states (FL)
    • some states allow in circumstances
  • consumption of raw milk widespread
  • most raw small ruminant milk and milk products high quality
    • be aware of zoonotic dz risks associated with raw milk consumption
    • sub-clinical fungal mastitis - don’t drink this milk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Zoonoses related to raw milk consumption

A
  • risk foodborne dz from raw milk products 150 x higher than if you don’t consume raw products
  • zoonoses
    • campylobacter jejuni
    • Q fever outbreak (mostly from contact tho)
      • washington
      • oregon
      • montana
    • Listeriosis
  • 5.2 outbreaks zoonoses per year
    • children/teenagers
    • immunocompromised
  • Serious issue in countries with Brucella melitensis: there is a vaccine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

true/fals

There are more goats worldwide than cattle?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

True/false

Boer, Spanish and Kiko are popular meat goat breeds in US?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

true/false

Small ruminant milk typically has a lower somatic cell count than cow milk

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

true/false

Meat and wool production are most common uses of sheep in US>

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Distinguishing sheep from goats

A
  • Sheep
    • tail always hangs down
    • never beard or wattles
    • More distinct upper lip divided by distinct philtrum
  • Goats
    • many are horned
    • tail usually erect
    • beards, wattles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Goat behavoir

A
  • > 50% time browsing (prefer
  • picky eaters, but will try things
  • climb, rocky elevated locations
  • antagonistic behavoir: sideways hooking motion
  • fighting: rear on hind legs
  • alarm signal: high pitched neeze
  • curious, not as easily frightened as sheep
  • newborns: ‘lying out’ will freeze some distance from mother
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Behavoir of sheep

A
  • Grazers: monotonous diet
  • Grasslands, not climbers
  • antagonistic behavoir: butt head on
  • fighting: butt head on
  • alarm signal: snort and stamp one forefoot, compact bunch
  • when frightened: run in flock
  • stress results from isolation/unfamiliarity
  • newborns: ‘lying in’ remain close to mom
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Moving sheep

A
  • move better around corners and up hills
  • prefer well-lighted areas
  • respond well to herding dogs
  • be away of crushing in corners of confined spaces
  • sheep: make move in group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Individual restrain

A
  • standing one hand under mandible and other holding tail
  • Goats can be restrained at BASE of horn not tip (torquing)
  • Sheep can bbe sat on rump
  • can be trained to halter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Moving

A
  • Move in groups
  • don’t overcrowd
  • avoid transport
    • pregnant ewes/does in last 4-6 weeks gestation
  • heat and cold stress considerations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

PE

SIck/from normal

A
  • Look from distance
    • animal may be listless, not eating when others are
    • poorer body condition
    • lagging behind group
    • resting/walking on knees
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

PE

special considerations rams

A
  • check sinuses: tap on sinuses, can listen with stethascope
  • feel for air out of nostril
  • funky smell
  • teeth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

body weight

A
  • weight tapes
    • dairy animals
    • meat animals
  • record weights when giving meds for DOSING!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

BCS

A
  • BCS 1: spine prominant and sharp, transverse process sharp
  • BCS 3: Spine rounded and smooth, transverse process smooth and rounded
    • ​IDEAL
  • BCS 5: Spine not detectable fat dimple over space, r
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Estimating age of sheep and goats

A
  • < 1 yr old: no permanent teeth
  • 1 yr old: 2 permanent teeth
  • 2 yr old: 4 permanent teeth
  • 3 yr old: 6 permanent teeth
  • 4 yr old: 8 permanent teeth
  • > 4 yrs old: worn permanent teeth
38
Q

Drug use in Small ruminants

A
  • few approved FDA drugs
  • extra-label permitted only when animal’s health threatened or animal is suffering
    • not allowed if will cause residue
    • requires valid VCPR
    • restricts use by laypeople
    • permits admin via water
    • disallows in or on fee
39
Q

Nutrition

A
  • Water: clean, fresh, sensitive, 3.5-15 liters/day, doubles in pregnancy/lactation
  • Feeding systems
    • appropriate mineral supplement
    • BCS 2.5-3
    • no more than 1 pound grain a day
40
Q

Nutrition

Breeding males

A
  • enter season close to a 4
    • lose about 10% BW during breeding season
  • 1-2 lbs per grain before season/or pasture equivalent 4-6 weeks before breeding season
  • other wise maintenance level feed
41
Q

Nutrition

adult females

A
  • should be in BCS 2.5-3 at breeding
  • early gestation: build/maintain BCS 3-3.5
    • can maintain on pasture/range or mod quality hay
  • late gestation (last 6 weeks) 70-80% fetal growth
    • Ewes: 2-2.5 pounds cereal grain
    • Does: 1-2 lb concentrate
  • Lactation: peak milk prod 2-3 weeks post-partum
    • 0.5-1 pound concentrate/4 lb milk
      • fed as TMR or after hay to avoid acidosis
42
Q

Feeding kids and lambs

Newborns

A
  • Colostrum: 10% bw in first 12h (4-6 hours)
  • 3d-6weeks: 15-20% of bw milk
    • make sure if milk replacer it is small ruminant, not cow
  • 3 weeks: start to eat significant amt of solid feed
43
Q

Nutrition: kids and lambs

A
  • creep feed
    • kids and lambs can reach, but not adults
    • accelerates rumin development
    • start at 1-2 weeks of age
    • include a coccidiostat
44
Q

Nutrition: finishing (weaning to market)

A
  • feedlots: avoid rumen acidosis
    • 10% roughage
    • include rumen buffers
    • avoid sudden dietary changes
45
Q

Toxic plants

A

don’t see a ton of toxicity

-usually only in starving animals

46
Q

true/false

Pet sheep and goats tend to become obese and should be limit fed to maintain BCS of 2.5 to 3.0 out of 5.

A

true

47
Q

true/false

Sheep prefer to obtain 80% of diet by browsing and about 20% by grazing.

A

false

48
Q

true/false

Urine acidifiers are often used in diets of pet wethers to help prevent urolithiasis.

A

true

49
Q

true/false

Ewes and does typically require supplemental feeding in late gestation, particularly when carrying multiple fetuses.

A

true

50
Q

true/false

To avoid rumen acidosis when feeding large amounts of grain, it should be fed as part of a TMR or following hay feeding.

A

true

51
Q

Repro management

A
  • puberty varies
    • 5-12 months old
  • first breeding at 70% mature size
  • reproductive rate
    • # offspring per female exposed for breeding
52
Q

Repro seasonality in ewes and does

A
  • seasonally poly-estrus: short day breeders
    • melatonin
    • shortening day length
  • affected by many factors
  • induction of cyclicity by abrupt intro of male
    • Whitten Effect: early start on breeding season
53
Q

Breeding

A
  • Heat
    • does: flagging, vocalizing, mounting
  • Bucks - smelly to handle during rut
    • urine spraying, inc scent gland activity
    • smell attracts female, helps trigger estrus
  • most is natural service
    • AI based on heat detection or timed AI
54
Q

Pregnancy dx in ewes and does

A
  • progesterone
    • diagnosing non-preg by low progesterone > 5 days post breeding
  • preg-specific protein b
  • ultrasound: 45-90 days
    • any later you cant count multiples
55
Q

Scrapie ear tags

A
  • required for sheep and goats > 1 yr of age moving via interstate commerce
56
Q

Disbudding goat kids

A
  • most goat breeds:
    • 5-7 days does
    • 3-5 days bucks
    • nubian, pygmy, angora: 10-14 days
  • restraint, sedation
    • zylazine/ketamine/butorphanol
    • gas anesthesia
  • local nerve block
    • be careful with lidocaine doses
      • dilute 2% lidocaine to 0.5% with sterile water
      • inject 1 ml over each 4 nerves
57
Q

DIsbudding

A
  • clip hair over bud
  • heat cautery iron to destroy horn corium
    • apply for 10 seconds
    • better than caustic paste
  • older goats
    • small barnes calf dehorner up to 6 weeks of age
    • surgical dehorning under general anesthesia
58
Q

Descenting

A
  • usually removed with disbudding in horned males
    • may be sx removed
  • males castrated before 7.5 months don’t develop the gland
59
Q

true/false

If male kids are castrated prior to puberty, the scent glands on the head do not mature.

A

True

60
Q

true/false

Goat kids should generally be disbudded in the first week of life, except Nubian, Pygmy and Angora kids at 10-14 days.

A

true

61
Q

true/false

To disbud kids, an electric dehorning iron should be applied to bud for 60 seconds.

A

false (max 10 seconds)

62
Q

true/false

lidocaine should typically be diluted to 0.5% prior to use for disbudding goat kids.

A

true

63
Q

Castration

A
  • elastrator bands may predispose to tetanus
  • burdizzo: closed castration by crushing spermaticord
    • also may predispose to tetanus
  • surgical
  • lidocaine, NSAIDS
  • 70% ram lambs castrated in US
  • Older male
    • surgical with deep sedation and local blocks
64
Q

castration timing

A
  • best done 4-14 days unless to be pets (urolithiasis)
    • pets do at 6-8 weeks old esp in pygmies or mini breeds
65
Q

Tail docking of lambs

A
  • common for wool breeds
    • prevents manure build up
  • best at > 24hrs to 7 days of age
    • must be before 6 weeks old
  • length
    • should cover vulva
      • if too short predisposes to rectal prolapse and perineal neoplasia
    • Must be longer than caudal tail fold
66
Q

Hoof care

A
  • trim twice yearly
  • manual or air compression driven shears
67
Q

Preventative health

A
  • targeted parasite control
  • vaccination schedules
  • time periods
    • weaning to breeding
    • maintenance
    • late gestation
    • lactating
    • rams and bucks
    • pets (Clostridium CDT)
68
Q

Nematode parasites

A
  • Haemonchus
    • H. contortus most sig with respect to clinical dz and resistance in SE USA
  • Ostertagia
    • problem in temperate climates
  • Trichostrongylus
  • inc susceptibility:
    • overcrowding, overgrazing, malnutrition, poor quality pasture
69
Q

FAMACHA

A
  • treat 4s and 5s
  • check every 3-4 weeks
  • cull animals requiring many txs
70
Q

Controlling internal parasites

A
  • dont feed on ground, clean waterers
  • pasture management
    • don’t overstock
    • rest pastures (2-6 months)
    • treated animals should go onto contaminated pastures or mixed with untreated animals
    • supplement feed if pastures is stressed
  • multi-species grazing
  • tannin rich forage
  • quarantine new arrivals
  • genetic selection for parasite-resistant populations
71
Q

Routine vaccinations

A
  • clostridium perfringens C, D
  • Tetanus
  • contagious ecthyma (orf) if a prolem in herd
72
Q

other vaccine

A
  • if dam vaccination
    • vaccinate babies at 10 wks, booster 2-4 weeks later
  • if dam not vaccinated
    • vaccinate at 4 weeks, booster 2-4 weeks later
    • use antitoxin if needed for additional interim protection
73
Q

non-routine vaccines

A
  • 7 or 8 way clostridial vaccines
  • rabies
  • intranasal P13
  • Respiratory syncitial virus
  • abortion dzs
  • footrot
  • caseous lymphadenitis
  • enterotoxogenic E. Coli
74
Q

care neonates

A
  • colostrum
    • if > 24 hours: plasma transfusion
  • dip naval
  • assisst at first nursing
  • inject with vit E/selenium in Se-deficient areas
    • including Florida
75
Q

5 Cs of lamb/kid raising

A
  1. colostrum
  2. calories
  3. cleanliness
  4. comfort
  5. consistency
76
Q

predation

A
  • Lamas
  • guard dogs
  • donkeys
77
Q

Contagious ecthyma

A
  • parapox virus (sore mouth, orf)
  • signs
    • blisters mouth, teats
  • prognosis: good, self-limiting
  • prevention: vaccination (use a scab)
  • zoonotic: use gloves
78
Q

external parasites

A
  • lice (bloodsucking and biting, sheep/goat specific)
  • mites (sarcoptic, chorioptic, psorptic and demodectic mange)
    • skin scrapings
79
Q

Caseous lymphadenitis

A
  • corynebacterium pseudotuburculosis
  • lymph node abcess
  • prog: recovery is rare
  • prevention: sanitation, cull
  • TX: drain or sx
  • prevention: quarantine/sanitize, make shearers sanitize equiptment
80
Q

polyarthritis

A
  • mycoplasma, chlamydia pecorum
  • usually yount animals
  • prognosis: poor
  • prevention: maintain closed herd
  • tx: oxytetracycline 5 days
81
Q

foot rot

A
  • dichelobacter nodosus (foot) + Fusobacterium necrophorum (soil)
  • severe lameness, foul odor
  • prognosis: animals can be carriers
  • prevention: foot trimming and food baths, cull chronics
  • dz can be eradicated
82
Q

Scrapie

A
  • prion dz
  • 1-5 yrs old, pruritis, bruxism, CNS
  • fatal and irreversible
  • reportable dz
83
Q

Tetanus

A
  • clostridium tetani
  • CS same as other spp
  • prog: poor
  • tx: vaccination, antitoxin after wounds/high risk procedures
84
Q

Coccidiosis

A
  • imp prob in small ruminants (several species)
  • dz around weaning, and feedlot lambs
  • diarrhea, tenesmus possible, bloody mucus, weight loss
  • amprolium or sulfa drugs
  • animals will never reach their potential
85
Q

Blue tongue

A
  • orbivirus
  • can be severe in fl
  • mostly sheep for clinical dz
  • spread by flies
  • fever, sudden death, erosions on lips/gums/tongues
  • prog: poor
  • vaccination only in cali
  • reduce exposure
  • supportive care only tx
86
Q

pregnancy toxemia

A
  • often fatal, caused by negative energy balance
  • hypoglycemia, inc fat catabolism, ketones, CNS signs
  • indications for c-sections
  • can induce parturtition, IV dextrose
  • Prevention: high plane nutrition last 2 months gestation
87
Q

Name the dz:

Weight loss and ill thrift in mature animals.

A

Paratuberculosis

88
Q

name the dz:

Chronic, progressive pruritis

A

scrapie

89
Q

name the orgnism:

Caseous lymphadenitis

A

corynebacterium ovis

90
Q

name the dz:

Diarrhea in post-weaning lambs and kids

A

coccidiosis

91
Q

name the dz:

Often concurrent cases of arthritis

A

Mycoplasmal pneumonia

92
Q

name the dz:

Feed a diet with a calcium:phosphorous ratio of at 2:1

A

Urolithiasis

P&P final (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions