small ruminant nutrition Flashcards by Katelyn Quinn

goat prehension

-using mouth and tongue
-goats are browsers

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what teeth do goats have

-no upper incisors
-upper and lower molars
-tooth development can only tell age up to 4 years

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characteristics of browsers

-smaller foregut
-larger abomasum
-wider mouth opening and longer tongue
-more rapid flow of food through GI tract

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esophagus

-mouth to stomach
-bidirectional-allows regurgitation to chew cud
-eructation caused by gases from fermentation in the rumen

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neonatal ruminants diet

-newborn kids cant digest starch/sugars
-rumen, reticulum, omasum are underdeveloped
-their diet is milk (would rot in rumen bc fermentation)

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what is the esophageal groove

a reflexive tube that is stimulated by suckling that runs from the esophagus directly into the abomasum to properly digest milk
-kids are monogastric until GI tract develops further

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reticulum

-honeycomb/ hardware stomach
-5% of the stomach
-microbial digestion and fermentation
-collects dense objects - hardware disease

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rumen

-papillae increase absorption
-80% of stomach (largest)
-3-6 gallon capacity
- microbial digestion and fermentation
-Starch/fiber——> VFA (provides 80% required energy)
-located on left side of body

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omasum

-leaflets and spiky papillae (folds increase absorption bc surface area)
-7% of stomach
-1/4 gallon capacity
-water absorption
- known and eaten as “tripe”

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abomasum

-muscular folds
-acidic digestion using HCl
-8% of stomach
-1 gallon capacity
-true stomach (breaks down feed proteins before they enter small intestine

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duodenem

-feed is mixed with enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder

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jejunum

inside walls absorb nutrients

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ileum

absorbs bile acids and vitamin B12

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large intestine

-cecum, colon, rectum
-furthers water and nutrient absorption
-undigested matter is transformed into fecal pellets and expelled from the body
-33m long

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what is the ruminant diet?

-water
-concentrates (pellet grain: protien) (corn: energy)
-roughage (1st cut hay, 2nd cut hay, pasture)
-supplements (salt blocks/minerals, vitamins, drugs)

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who is grain given to?

-Does and Bucks when breeding (flushing)
-3rd trimester and lactating does
- low BCS

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who is 2nd cut hay given to?

-3rd trimester does
-lactating does
-breeding bucks
-kids/yearlings

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who is 1st cut hay given to

1st and 2nd trimester does
-does after weaning (before going to pasture)
-bucks when not breeding

when should goats be on pasture?

-while maintaining
-alfalfa hay given to kids yearlings

pregnancy toxemia symptoms

-occurs pre-partum
-off feed
-depression
-sweet smelling breath

pregnancy toxemia cause

-rumen space decreased
-nutrients go to fetus(es) and doe lacks proper nutrition

pregnancy toxemia test and cure

tested with a ketone urine strip (fasts are converted to ketone bodies)
cured by propylene glycol drench

ketosis symptoms

-POT-partum
-off feed
-depression
- sweet-smelling breath

ketosis cause

-energy goes to milk production and doe lacks proper nutrition

ketosis test and cure

-test: can be tested with ketone urine strip (fats are converted into ketone bodies) -cure: propylene glycol drench

enterotoxemia symptoms

-over-eating disease - off feed -lethargic - diarrhea -distress -sudden death

enterotoxemia cause

-clostridium perfringens type C & D -due to increase in high energy feed that produces an epsilon toxin

enterotoxemia cure and prevention

-cure: supportive care (no real tx), antibiotics and probiotics can help -prevention: CD&T vx

free gas bloat

- gas in the rumen cant be eructated due to a blockage in the esophagus -rumen and reticulum becomes enlarged with gas

frothy bloat

-gas in the rumen cant be eructated due to being trapped in foam

bloat symptoms

-irritability - teeth grinding -kicking at stomach -distended left side

frothy bloat cure

-therabloat

free bloat cure

-stomach tube -trocar and cannula

bloat prevention

-not suddenly changing diet -too high concentrates and proteins cause bloat

polioencephalomalacia symptoms

-nystagmus (star gazing) -opisthotonus (rolling of head) -neurological dysfunction -wandering

polioencephalomalacia cause

-thiamine deficiency (vitamin B12) -rapid change from high forage diet to high concentrate diet

polioencephalomalacia treatment

thiamine supplement

white muscle dz (skeletal) symptoms

-painful movement -inability to stand -hunched posture

white muscle dz (cardiac) symptoms

-similar to pneumonia -nasal discharge -fever

white muscle dz cause

-deficiency of thiamine and vitamin E in the soil

white muscle dz cure and prevention

-cure: supplements of selenium and vitamin E -prevention: BoSe injections, vitamin E supplements to pregnant does

Goiter symptoms

-poor coat -weakness -enlarged thyroid

goiter cause

-iodine defiency -thyroid makes iodine and is unable to

goiter cure and prevention

-cure: iodine supplements -prevention: do not feed forages that prevent iodine production (broccoli) -salt licks