small ruminant nutrition

Question 1

goat prehension

Answer 1

-using mouth and tongue
-goats are browsers

Question 2

what teeth do goats have

Answer 2

-no upper incisors
-upper and lower molars
-tooth development can only tell age up to 4 years

Question 3

characteristics of browsers

Answer 3

-smaller foregut
-larger abomasum
-wider mouth opening and longer tongue
-more rapid flow of food through GI tract

Question 4

esophagus

Answer 4

-mouth to stomach
-bidirectional-allows regurgitation to chew cud
-eructation caused by gases from fermentation in the rumen

Question 5

neonatal ruminants diet

Answer 5

-newborn kids cant digest starch/sugars
-rumen, reticulum, omasum are underdeveloped
-their diet is milk (would rot in rumen bc fermentation)

Question 6

what is the esophageal groove

Answer 6

a reflexive tube that is stimulated by suckling that runs from the esophagus directly into the abomasum to properly digest milk
-kids are monogastric until GI tract develops further

Question 7

reticulum

Answer 7

-honeycomb/ hardware stomach
-5% of the stomach
-microbial digestion and fermentation
-collects dense objects - hardware disease

Question 8

rumen

Answer 8

-papillae increase absorption
-80% of stomach (largest)
-3-6 gallon capacity
- microbial digestion and fermentation
-Starch/fiber——> VFA (provides 80% required energy)
-located on left side of body

Question 9

omasum

Answer 9

-leaflets and spiky papillae (folds increase absorption bc surface area)
-7% of stomach
-1/4 gallon capacity
-water absorption
- known and eaten as “tripe”

Question 10

abomasum

Answer 10

-muscular folds
-acidic digestion using HCl
-8% of stomach
-1 gallon capacity
-true stomach (breaks down feed proteins before they enter small intestine

Question 11

duodenem

Answer 11

-feed is mixed with enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder

Question 12

jejunum

Answer 12

inside walls absorb nutrients

Question 13

ileum

Answer 13

absorbs bile acids and vitamin B12

Question 14

large intestine

Answer 14

-cecum, colon, rectum
-furthers water and nutrient absorption
-undigested matter is transformed into fecal pellets and expelled from the body
-33m long

Question 15

what is the ruminant diet?

Answer 15

-water
-concentrates (pellet grain: protien) (corn: energy)
-roughage (1st cut hay, 2nd cut hay, pasture)
-supplements (salt blocks/minerals, vitamins, drugs)

Question 16

who is grain given to?

Answer 16

-Does and Bucks when breeding (flushing)
-3rd trimester and lactating does
- low BCS

Question 17

who is 2nd cut hay given to?

Answer 17

-3rd trimester does
-lactating does
-breeding bucks
-kids/yearlings

Question 18

who is 1st cut hay given to

Answer 18

• 1st and 2nd trimester does
  -does after weaning (before going to pasture)
  -bucks when not breeding

Question 19

when should goats be on pasture?

Answer 19

-while maintaining
-alfalfa hay given to kids yearlings

Question 20

pregnancy toxemia symptoms

Answer 20

-occurs pre-partum
-off feed
-depression
-sweet smelling breath

Question 21

pregnancy toxemia cause

Answer 21

-rumen space decreased
-nutrients go to fetus(es) and doe lacks proper nutrition

Question 22

pregnancy toxemia test and cure

Answer 22

• tested with a ketone urine strip (fasts are converted to ketone bodies)
• cured by propylene glycol drench

Question 23

ketosis symptoms

Answer 23

-POT-partum
-off feed
-depression
- sweet-smelling breath

Question 24

ketosis cause

Answer 24

-energy goes to milk production and doe lacks proper nutrition

Question 25

ketosis test and cure

Answer 25

-test: can be tested with ketone urine strip (fats are converted into ketone bodies)
-cure: propylene glycol drench

Question 26

enterotoxemia symptoms

Answer 26

-over-eating disease
- off feed
-lethargic
- diarrhea
-distress
-sudden death

Question 27

enterotoxemia cause

Answer 27

-clostridium perfringens type C & D
-due to increase in high energy feed that produces an epsilon toxin

Question 28

enterotoxemia cure and prevention

Answer 28

-cure: supportive care (no real tx), antibiotics and probiotics can help
-prevention: CD&T vx

Question 29

free gas bloat

Answer 29

• gas in the rumen cant be eructated due to a blockage in the esophagus
  -rumen and reticulum becomes enlarged with gas

Question 30

frothy bloat

Answer 30

-gas in the rumen cant be eructated due to being trapped in foam

Question 31

bloat symptoms

Answer 31

-irritability
- teeth grinding
-kicking at stomach
-distended left side

Question 32

frothy bloat cure

Answer 32

-therabloat

Question 33

free bloat cure

Answer 33

-stomach tube
-trocar and cannula

Question 34

bloat prevention

Answer 34

-not suddenly changing diet
-too high concentrates and proteins cause bloat

Question 35

polioencephalomalacia symptoms

Answer 35

-nystagmus (star gazing)
-opisthotonus (rolling of head)
-neurological dysfunction
-wandering

Question 36

polioencephalomalacia cause

Answer 36

-thiamine deficiency (vitamin B12)
-rapid change from high forage diet to high concentrate diet

Question 37

polioencephalomalacia treatment

Answer 37

thiamine supplement

Question 38

white muscle dz (skeletal) symptoms

Answer 38

-painful movement
-inability to stand
-hunched posture

Question 39

white muscle dz (cardiac) symptoms

Answer 39

-similar to pneumonia
-nasal discharge
-fever

Question 40

white muscle dz cause

Answer 40

-deficiency of thiamine and vitamin E in the soil

Question 41

white muscle dz cure and prevention

Answer 41

-cure: supplements of selenium and vitamin E
-prevention: BoSe injections, vitamin E supplements to pregnant does

Question 42

Goiter symptoms

Answer 42

-poor coat
-weakness
-enlarged thyroid

Question 43

goiter cause

Answer 43

-iodine defiency
-thyroid makes iodine and is unable to

Question 44

goiter cure and prevention

Answer 44

-cure: iodine supplements
-prevention: do not feed forages that prevent iodine production (broccoli)
-salt licks