organic farming and alternative treatments for parasites

Question 1

animal classifications of parasite resistance

Answer 1

-susceptible
-resilient
-resistant

Question 2

animal susceptible

Answer 2

-most affected by parasites
-high parasite load
-high FAMACHA score

Question 3

animal resilient

Answer 3

-carriers of parasites, but arent affected
-medium-high parasite load
-medium-low FAMACHA score

Question 4

animal resistant

Answer 4

-immune to parasites
-low parasite load
-medium-low FAMACHA score

Question 5

parasite classifications

Answer 5

-susceptible
-semi-resistant
-resistant

Question 6

types of chemical dewormers

Answer 6

-benzimidazoles
-macrocylic lactones (macrolides)
-nicotinic agonists

Question 7

benzimidazoles sub classes

Answer 7

-fenbendazole
-albendazole
-oxfendazole

Question 8

macrocylic lactones sub classes

Answer 8

-avermectins
-milbemycins

Question 9

nicotinic agonists sub classes

Answer 9

-levamisole
-morantel tartrate
-pyrantel

Question 10

zolvix

Answer 10

-99.99% effective at first but now resistance
-class: amino-acetonitrile derivatives (ADD)

Question 11

how to avoid resistance in the herd

Answer 11

-selective deworming
-limit rotating dewormers
-give proper dosage of dewormer

Question 12

selective deworming

Answer 12

-use FAMACHA, BCS, fecal egg count to determine who is most susceptible
- 20-30% of the herd carries 70-80% of the worms

Question 13

limiting rotating dewormers

Answer 13

-causes resistance quicker to more classes

Question 14

giving proper dosage of dewormer

Answer 14

-underdosing can lead to resistant parasites reproducing
-calculate dosage based on weight of individual animal or heaviest animal in the herd
-use oral dewormer instead of placing it in feed or water source

Question 15

pasture management purpose

Answer 15

to maintain healthy herds, prevent overgrazing, allows for flourishing fields, maximized forage production so its less costly, and increases parasite load.

Question 16

pasture management goals

Answer 16

-give cleanest pasture to most vulnerable animals
-polutry can be used to pick apart feces which its a great source of organic matter and fertilizer
-co-grazing animals benefits pasture
-goats are browsers

Question 17

how long can pastures be left alone before rotating

Answer 17

65 days

Question 18

how long should pasture grass be before rotating

Answer 18

most parasites are found in the first two inches
-grass should be cut at 3 inches

Question 19

alternative treatments definition

Answer 19

-any substance used to control parasites which are not pharmaceuticals or commercially available drugs

Question 20

why use natural dewormers

Answer 20

-cost
-availability
-sustainability

Question 21

types of ORGANIC dewormers

Answer 21

-tannins (birds foot, serica lespedeza, sainfoin)
-pumpkin seed
-cranberry
-garlic
-nematophagous fungi

Question 22

types of NATURAL dewormers

Answer 22

-copper
-diatomaceous earth

Question 23

what are tannins

Answer 23

a group of polypheolic compunds found in a variety of legume and tree species
-high in protein affinity
-bitter taste
-proven to lower parasite load

Question 24

what does the concentration and type of tannin depend on

Answer 24

-plant species
-maturation level of plant
-fresh vs. dried forage

Question 25

birds foot trefoil

Answer 25

-prevents haemonchus contortus infection -found in cold environments -tolerant of many climates -drought resistant, low pH

Question 26

serica lespedeza

Answer 26

-adapted to warmer climates, cannot survive harsh winters -effective on strongyle

Question 27

sainfoin

Answer 27

-common in western US -drought resistant

Question 28

cranberry

Answer 28

-high levels of condensed tannins -effective against larval and adult stages of strongyle

Question 29

pumpkin

Answer 29

paralyzes intestinal parasites to be expelled through GI tract -effective against tapeworms and roundworms

Question 30

garlic

Answer 30

-can have impact on larvae and egg production -antibiotic, antifungal, antiviral

Question 31

nematophagous fungi

Answer 31

-germinates through manure -sticky loops trap larvae -added as feed supplement

Question 32

copper bolus

Answer 32

-slow release capsule to treat copper deficiency -1-2 grams of copper -effective at killing strongyle -overdosing copper can lead to liver necrosis -dont give bolus is feed is already supplemented

Question 33

diatolmaceous earth

Answer 33

-kills lice and other pests -food additive -swimming pool filter

Question 34

supportive care for high parasite load

Answer 34

-good pasture management -contaminated goats quarantined -human products to prevent dehydration -mineral/vitamin supplements

Question 35

Organic food production act

Answer 35

act passed in 1990 by congress as part of an effort to standardize organic production.

Question 36

100% organic

Answer 36

all ingredients and processing aids must be organic

Question 37

organic

Answer 37

all agricultural ingredients must be certified organic -95% organic

Question 38

made with organic ingredients

Answer 38

-70% organic ingredients

Question 39

made with specific organic ingredients

Answer 39

less than 70% certified organic ingredients

Question 40

raising organic goats

Answer 40

-no hormones or antibiotics -no dewormers -progeny cannot have had hormones, antibiotics, dewormers in the last 3rd trimester or lactation period -exceptions: fenbendazole, ivermectin, moxidectin

Question 41

pros of organic farming

Answer 41

-environmentally friendly -niche market -better nutrition values and taste -healthier working conditions

Question 42

cons of organic farming

Answer 42

-more costly -time consuming to convert to organic farming -reliance on organic pesticides/natural dewormers -certification can take a long time