Small Ruminant disease

Question 1

MAIN worms

Answer 1

HOT

Question 2

Parasites

Answer 2

Haemonchus- anemia and pale mucous membranes
Low protein in blood
NO diarrhea
Sudden death

Other parasites
Weight loss
Diarrhea
Performance

Question 3

Parasite- control

Answer 3

Really hard…short life cycle and lots of eggs are made
Hypobiosis-DORMANT PARASITES

Break life cycle with animal and pasture management
Anthelmintics– kills mature larvae and adults (paralysis and starvation)
Not many are approved and resistance

Question 4

Strategic deworming

Answer 4

Deworm and keep on same lot for 24 hours
2 wks before lambing and kiddling
1 wk after lambing/kiddling

DEWORM AS NEEDED

Question 5

Administration of anthelmintics

Answer 5

Pellets, oral drenches, injectable, pour on, paste
Oral drenches are most common
Avoid injectables (long withdrawal time and different metabolism)
Avoid pour on (absorption is not good in small ruminants)

Question 6

Foot rot: risk factors

Answer 6

Host: older more severe, MERINIOS, poor hoof care

Environmental: spring/fall or winter, wet warm weather, overcrowded

Question 7

Foot Rot: clinical signs

Answer 7

Lameness
Inflamed skin between claws
Destruction of hoof wall
Bad smell

Question 8

Foot rot: treatment

Answer 8

Radical trimming to remove affected tissue
Antiseptic foot bath
Dry environment
Antibiotic injections

Question 9

Foot rot- control

Answer 9

Preventative foot soaks (zinc and copper sulfate)
Isolation
Examination 
Treat new additions 
Regular trimming 
Cull infected
Get out of mud
Use spring vax-repeat 3-6 months

Question 10

Ringworm in sheep

Answer 10

Infection of outer layers of skin
FUNGAL
ZOONOTIC

Question 11

Ringworm: risk factors

Answer 11

Young animals
Poor nutrition
Housed with previously infected animals
Warm dark damp poorly ventilated housing 
Not cleaning clippers
Too frequent washing of show lambs 
Flies

Question 12

Ringworm: clinical signs

Answer 12

Fungal infection causes wool loss
Raised area followed by gray scab
Single or multiple spots
Spontaneous recover 1-4 months

Question 13

Ringworm: treatment

Answer 13

Active fungus located on edge of LESION
Remove wool around lesion
Remove scab
Treatment shortens healing tie and reduces risk of spread
Treat entire animal…chlorhexidine, na hypochlorite, captan

Question 14

Ringworm- prevention

Answer 14

Isolate infected animals
Quarantine new arrivals
Preventative treatment of whole lamb
Avoid excessive bathing
Disinfect anything that comes in contact with infected sheep
Prompt treatment of new cases

Question 15

Rectal Prolapse in Lambs

Answer 15

Eversion of the rectum to the outside

Question 16

Rectal prolapse: risk factors

Answer 16

Ewe lambs

After weaning

Question 17

Rectal Prolapse: clinical signs

Answer 17

Obvious
Starts small, gets longer
After coughing
Swelling and tearing 
Loss of appetite
Death

Question 18

Rectal Prolapse: treatment

Answer 18

Replacement: injection between rectum and pelvic wall
string suture

Amputate rectum
Reduced feed intake, laxatives, enemas

Question 19

Rectal prolapse: prevention

Answer 19

Avoid dry dusty environments
Treat coughs
Prevent diarrheal disease
Treat coccidiosis and parasites
Cull affected animals 
Dock tail at end of caudal fold

Question 20

Obstructive urolithiasis

Answer 20

“Water belly”
Bladder stones
Most common in breeding Rams and goats
Diet related- calcium and phosphate imbalance and grain

Risk factors: amount of stones and urethral anatomy

Question 21

Urolithiasis-clinical signs

Answer 21

Abdominal pain
Makes effort to urinate
Depression
Anorexia

Question 22

Urolithiasis- progression

Answer 22

Bladder rupture- distended abdomen

Urethral rupture- swelling under abdomen and cool to the touch

Question 23

Urolithiasis-diagnosis

Answer 23

Blood work
Urine analysis
Needle aspirate
Abdominocentesis
Ultrasound
Radiographs

Question 24

Urolithiasis- treatment

Answer 24

If urethra&bladder intact…. Try to relieve obstruction
Snip urethral process and vet will try to pass catheter & flush
If obstruction cannot be removed: surgery or laser

Question 25

Urolithiasis-surgery

Answer 25

Valuable ram-tube—>cytostomy
Pet- tube—>cytostomy or PU
Salvage procedure
Complications

Question 26

Urolithiasis-prevention

Answer 26

Complete pelleted creep feed
Observation for posturing, dribbling, bawling
Struvite: ammonia chloride in feed to decrease pH
Feed alfalfa (high in calcium)
AVOID GRAIN
Calcium carbonate
Poor prognosis if bladder ruptures

Question 27

Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis

Answer 27

VIRAL disease of sheep and goats
Intensive dairy goat operations
Horizontal transmission (directly)

Question 28

CAE-risk factors

Answer 28

Dairy goats>meat fiber goats
Genetics
Management practices
Colostrum and frequent intro to new animals on farm

Question 29

CAE: clinical signs

Answer 29

Less than 6 months: encephalitis
NEURO SIGNS AND PARALYSIS
Adult: arthritis 
JOINT SWELLING
LAMENESS
WEIGHT LOSS
PNEUMONIA
HARD UDDER

Question 30

CAE:diagnosis

Answer 30

Clinical signs and history
Necropsy
Serology

Question 31

CAE: treatment and prevention

Answer 31

NO TREATMENT

Permanent isolation of kids at birth
Feed heated colostrum SND pasteurized milk
Serologic testing of the herd twice a year
Cull positives

Question 32

Worms

Answer 32

Most frequent complaint against goats
Dead sheep in summer is from worms

Life cycle in three weeks