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Module 17 > Small Animal Obesity > Flashcards

Small Animal Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

what are consequences of obesity (4)

A
  1. predisposition to other diseases
  2. decreased quality of life
  3. effect on lifespan
  4. decreased physical activity
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2
Q

how does obesity predipose to other diseases

A

Adipokines are active proteins released from adipose tissue

Release:

Inflammatory cytokines

Acute phase proteins

Angiogenesis

Obesity is a state of chronic inflammation and chronic stress

Excess body weight leads to systemic and chronic low-grade inflammation that contributes to pathogenesis of co-morbidities

Diabetes mellitus

CV disease

Osteoarthritis

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3
Q

what orthopaedic diseases does obesity predispose to in the dog and cat

A

cat: lameness
dog: cruciate ligament disease, osteoarthritis, hip dysplasia

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4
Q

what endocrine diseases does obesity predispose to in the dog and cat

A

cat: diabetes mellitus
dog: diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism

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5
Q

what lipid disorders diseases does obesity predispose to in the dog and cat

A

cat: hepatic lipidosis
dog: hyperlipidemia

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6
Q

what alimentary diseases does obesity predispose to in the dog and cat

A

cat: diarrhea
dog: pancreatitis

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7
Q

what urogenital diseases does obesity predispose to in the dog and cat

A

cat: UTI
dog: dystocia, urinary sphincter mechanism incompetence

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8
Q

what cardiorespiratory diseases does obesity predispose to in the dog and cat

A

dog: tracheal collapse, hypertension

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9
Q

what oncological diseases does obesity predispose to in the dog and cat

A

cat: increased neoplasia risk
dog: transitional cell carcinoma

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10
Q

what other diseases does obesity predispose to in the dog and cat

A

dog: increased anesthetic risk

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11
Q

why does obesity lower the quality of life

A

Weight loss increased vitality, decreased emotional disturbance, decreased pain

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12
Q

what effect does obesity have on lifespan

A

Lifespan is shortened in obese dogs compared to their lean counterparts

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13
Q

what effect does obesity have on physical acitvity

A

Obese and overweight dogs spend less time in vigorous physical activity

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14
Q

what are risk factors for obestity (7)

A
  1. dietary
  2. animal factors
  3. behavioural
  4. lifestyle
  5. owner factors
  6. iatrogenic
  7. endocrine
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15
Q

what are dietary factors that increase the risk of obesity

A

Number of meals and snacks

Table scraps and fresh meat

Present when owners preparing food

Feeding ad lib

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16
Q

what are animal factors that increase the risk of obesity

A

Breed predisposition

Labs, CKC spaniel, beagle

Middle age

Neutered

Female dogs

Male cats

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17
Q

what are behavioural factors that increase the risk of obesity

A

Over humanization

Feeding behaviour

Owner not interested in prevention

Close owner pet relationship

Misperception

Lack of education about BCS and BW

Lack of education about pet food labels

Imprecision when feeding

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18
Q

what are lifestyle factors that increase the risk of obesity

A

Indoor lifestyle

Inactivity

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19
Q

what are owner factors that increase the risk of obesity

A

Older owners

Human obesity

Female gender

Lower income (dog owners)

Close owner-pet relationship

20
Q

what are iatrogenic factors that increase the risk of obesity

A

Medical: steroids

Surgical: thyroidectomy

21
Q

what are endocrine factors that increase the risk of obesity

A

Hypothyroidism

Hyperadrenocorticism

22
Q

what are modifiable risk factors that can reduce the risk of obesity

A

Misperception

Lack of education about BCS and BW

Lack of education about pet food labels

Imprecision when feeding

23
Q

what is misperception of body condition

A

Mismatch between actual and perceived body shape

Owner misperception of dog’s body shape is widespread

Owner underestimation of BCS most prevalent in obese dogs

If overweight they underestimate BCS

If underweight they overestimate BCS

24
Q

what is the issue with owners not being able to measure food correctly

A

Owners typically underestimate the amount of food they are providing when using feeding cups

Contributes to insidious weight gain

Contributes to failure in weight management programs

Especially when measuring out for small dogs

Size of food bowl and food scoop affects amount owner feeds

25
why is tackling pet obesity complicated
Many owner-related risk factors for obesity Combined with misperception of body condition Problems with feeding practices Weight management in pets required comprehensive treatment that includes the owner and extends beyond the standard diet and exercise regimen
26
how can obesity be prevented
Discussion of proper feeding and BCS with owners Quantify and measure food for pets Achieve ideal BCS Discussion at time of spay/neutering Lifelong weight management and obesity prevention Yearly wellness visits, noting BCS and BW
27
how is obesity treated
Weight loss is not easy to achieve Only 50% of animals commencing a weight loss program complete it! Wight loss progresses slowly Subsequent rebound is common Bariatric surgery is not ethically justified Dietary therapy most common approach Some drugs licensed
28
how is weight loss achieved (6)
1. appropriate caloric restriction 2. diet selection 3. exercise 4. modification of owner behaviour 5. continued monitoring 6. pharmaceutical therapy
29
how do you calculate the appropriate caloric restriction
calculate calories required on target BW not current BW each point between 5 and 9 on a 9 pt scale is approx 10% of excess BW
30
what is the appropriate caloric restriction for an intact male
80 x ideal body weight ^0.75
31
what is the maintenance energy requirement for a dog
95 x bodyweight^0.75
32
what is the appropriate caloric restriction for an intact female
70 x ideal bodyweight^0.75
33
what is the appropriate caloric restriction for an neutered male
70 x ideal bodyweight^0.75
34
what is the appropriate caloric restriction for an neutered female
70 x ideal bodyweight^0.75
35
what is the appropriate caloric restriction for an neutered female
60 x ideal bodyweight^0.75
36
what are the maintenance energy requirements of a cat
77.6 x bodyweight^0.711
37
what are the energy requirements for weight loss of a cat
42 x ideal bodyweight^0.711
38
calculate the energy requirement for a male neutered dog with an ideal body weight of 16kg
70 x 16^0.75 = 560 kcal/day
39
calculate how much kib to give a dog that requires 560kcal/day with a food that has 270kcal/100g
amount to feed = daily kcal/kcal per 100g x 100 = 560/27 x 100 = 207g of food per day
40
how much % of body weight is appropriate for a dog to loose per week
0.5-3.0%
41
how much % of body weight is appropriate for a cat to loose per week
0.5-2.0%
42
what food should you select for diet
Best to use a purpose formulated diet Restricted in fat and caloric density Supplemented in protein and micronutrients High fibre and protein best for satiety L-carnitine may help maintain lean tissue during weight loss
43
what owner behaviours can be modified to help with weight loss
Treats Weigh food Weight and measure pet regularly Engage entire household
44
how can continued monitoring help with weight loss
Modification often required during weight loss Initial checks every 2 weeks Provide feedback, encouragement and support Energy intake may need to be reduced progressively Reduce the rebound effect by feeding the diet used in weight loss during the maintenance period
45
what pharmaceutical therapy can be used for weight loss
Slentrol/yarvitan (dirlotapide/mitratapide) Reduces appetite and fat absorption in dogs Reduced uptake of dietary lipids Dose dependent decrease in serum cholesterol and triglyceride Increased presence of TG containing droplets in enterocytes May rapidly regain weight afterwards
46
what are reasons weight loss is not occuring

Module 17 (31 decks)

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