Small Animal Obesity Flashcards
what are consequences of obesity (4)
- predisposition to other diseases
- decreased quality of life
- effect on lifespan
- decreased physical activity
how does obesity predipose to other diseases
Adipokines are active proteins released from adipose tissue
Release:
Inflammatory cytokines
Acute phase proteins
Angiogenesis
Obesity is a state of chronic inflammation and chronic stress
Excess body weight leads to systemic and chronic low-grade inflammation that contributes to pathogenesis of co-morbidities
Diabetes mellitus
CV disease
Osteoarthritis
what orthopaedic diseases does obesity predispose to in the dog and cat
cat: lameness
dog: cruciate ligament disease, osteoarthritis, hip dysplasia
what endocrine diseases does obesity predispose to in the dog and cat
cat: diabetes mellitus
dog: diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism
what lipid disorders diseases does obesity predispose to in the dog and cat
cat: hepatic lipidosis
dog: hyperlipidemia
what alimentary diseases does obesity predispose to in the dog and cat
cat: diarrhea
dog: pancreatitis
what urogenital diseases does obesity predispose to in the dog and cat
cat: UTI
dog: dystocia, urinary sphincter mechanism incompetence
what cardiorespiratory diseases does obesity predispose to in the dog and cat
dog: tracheal collapse, hypertension
what oncological diseases does obesity predispose to in the dog and cat
cat: increased neoplasia risk
dog: transitional cell carcinoma
what other diseases does obesity predispose to in the dog and cat
dog: increased anesthetic risk
why does obesity lower the quality of life
Weight loss increased vitality, decreased emotional disturbance, decreased pain
what effect does obesity have on lifespan
Lifespan is shortened in obese dogs compared to their lean counterparts
what effect does obesity have on physical acitvity
Obese and overweight dogs spend less time in vigorous physical activity
what are risk factors for obestity (7)
- dietary
- animal factors
- behavioural
- lifestyle
- owner factors
- iatrogenic
- endocrine
what are dietary factors that increase the risk of obesity
Number of meals and snacks
Table scraps and fresh meat
Present when owners preparing food
Feeding ad lib
what are animal factors that increase the risk of obesity
Breed predisposition
Labs, CKC spaniel, beagle
Middle age
Neutered
Female dogs
Male cats
what are behavioural factors that increase the risk of obesity
Over humanization
Feeding behaviour
Owner not interested in prevention
Close owner pet relationship
Misperception
Lack of education about BCS and BW
Lack of education about pet food labels
Imprecision when feeding
what are lifestyle factors that increase the risk of obesity
Indoor lifestyle
Inactivity
what are owner factors that increase the risk of obesity
Older owners
Human obesity
Female gender
Lower income (dog owners)
Close owner-pet relationship
what are iatrogenic factors that increase the risk of obesity
Medical: steroids
Surgical: thyroidectomy
what are endocrine factors that increase the risk of obesity
Hypothyroidism
Hyperadrenocorticism
what are modifiable risk factors that can reduce the risk of obesity
Misperception
Lack of education about BCS and BW
Lack of education about pet food labels
Imprecision when feeding
what is misperception of body condition
Mismatch between actual and perceived body shape
Owner misperception of dog’s body shape is widespread
Owner underestimation of BCS most prevalent in obese dogs
If overweight they underestimate BCS
If underweight they overestimate BCS
what is the issue with owners not being able to measure food correctly
Owners typically underestimate the amount of food they are providing when using feeding cups
Contributes to insidious weight gain
Contributes to failure in weight management programs
Especially when measuring out for small dogs
Size of food bowl and food scoop affects amount owner feeds
why is tackling pet obesity complicated
Many owner-related risk factors for obesity
Combined with misperception of body condition
Problems with feeding practices
Weight management in pets required comprehensive treatment that includes the owner and extends beyond the standard diet and exercise regimen
how can obesity be prevented
Discussion of proper feeding and BCS with owners
Quantify and measure food for pets
Achieve ideal BCS
Discussion at time of spay/neutering
Lifelong weight management and obesity prevention
Yearly wellness visits, noting BCS and BW
how is obesity treated
Weight loss is not easy to achieve
Only 50% of animals commencing a weight loss program complete it!
Wight loss progresses slowly
Subsequent rebound is common
Bariatric surgery is not ethically justified
Dietary therapy most common approach
Some drugs licensed
how is weight loss achieved (6)
- appropriate caloric restriction
- diet selection
- exercise
- modification of owner behaviour
- continued monitoring
- pharmaceutical therapy
how do you calculate the appropriate caloric restriction
calculate calories required on target BW not current BW
each point between 5 and 9 on a 9 pt scale is approx 10% of excess BW
what is the appropriate caloric restriction for an intact male
80 x ideal body weight ^0.75
what is the maintenance energy requirement for a dog
95 x bodyweight^0.75
what is the appropriate caloric restriction for an intact female
70 x ideal bodyweight^0.75
what is the appropriate caloric restriction for an neutered male
70 x ideal bodyweight^0.75
what is the appropriate caloric restriction for an neutered female
70 x ideal bodyweight^0.75
what is the appropriate caloric restriction for an neutered female
60 x ideal bodyweight^0.75
what are the maintenance energy requirements of a cat
77.6 x bodyweight^0.711
what are the energy requirements for weight loss of a cat
42 x ideal bodyweight^0.711
calculate the energy requirement for a male neutered dog with an ideal body weight of 16kg
70 x 16^0.75 = 560 kcal/day
calculate how much kib to give a dog that requires 560kcal/day with a food that has 270kcal/100g
amount to feed = daily kcal/kcal per 100g x 100
= 560/27 x 100 = 207g of food per day
how much % of body weight is appropriate for a dog to loose per week
0.5-3.0%
how much % of body weight is appropriate for a cat to loose per week
0.5-2.0%
what food should you select for diet
Best to use a purpose formulated diet
Restricted in fat and caloric density
Supplemented in protein and micronutrients
High fibre and protein best for satiety
L-carnitine may help maintain lean tissue during weight loss
what owner behaviours can be modified to help with weight loss
Treats
Weigh food
Weight and measure pet regularly
Engage entire household
how can continued monitoring help with weight loss
Modification often required during weight loss
Initial checks every 2 weeks
Provide feedback, encouragement and support
Energy intake may need to be reduced progressively
Reduce the rebound effect by feeding the diet used in weight loss during the maintenance period
what pharmaceutical therapy can be used for weight loss
Slentrol/yarvitan (dirlotapide/mitratapide)
Reduces appetite and fat absorption in dogs
Reduced uptake of dietary lipids
Dose dependent decrease in serum cholesterol and triglyceride
Increased presence of TG containing droplets in enterocytes
May rapidly regain weight afterwards
what are reasons weight loss is not occuring
