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Module 17 > Diagnostic Imaging of Urinary System > Flashcards

Diagnostic Imaging of Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the renal length of the kidneys in dogs

A

2.5-3.5 times the length of L2

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2
Q

what is the renal length of the kidneys in cats

A

in neutered cats 1.9-2.6/entire 2.1-3.2 times the length of L2

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3
Q

what are the positive contrast cystogram used for contrast rads

A

iodine contrast medium

catheter into bladder

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4
Q

what is negative contrast cystogram

A

air

bladder position, wall thickness

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5
Q

what is double contrast cystogram

A

combination of 1-5ml contrast then air

position, luminal content, wall thickness

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6
Q

what is a retrograde urethrogram

A

male

catheter in distal urethra

demonstrates urethra

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7
Q

what is a retrograde vaginourethrogram

A

female

catheter through vulva

demonstrate vestibule, vagina and urethra

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8
Q

what are the two views of the kidney on ultrasound

A

long axis

short axis

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9
Q

where do you scan the right kidney

A

scan between ribs

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10
Q

what is the difference between cats and dogs when scanning the kidneys with ultrasound

A

mobile so variable position

more rounded in outline

corticomedullary rim sign more common

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11
Q

what does the US renal assessment (7)

A
  1. location
  2. size
  3. shape
  4. margins
  5. components: cortex, medulla, corticomedullary junction, pelvis, ureter
  6. echogenicity
  7. echotexture
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12
Q

what are differential diagnosis of diffuse parenchymal changes (5)

A
  1. acute renal disease/failure
  2. chronic renal disease
  3. renal dysplasia
  4. chronic endstage kidney
  5. neoplasia (lymphoma)
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13
Q

what are ddx of pelvic dilationhydronephrosis (3)

A
  1. obstruction
  2. pyelonephritis
  3. neoplasia
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14
Q

what are ddx of focal changes in the kidneys (4)

A
  1. neoplasia
  2. calculi
  3. cysts
  4. abscesses
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15
Q

what would acute kidney disease look on US

A

rounded, hazy kidney

reduced corticomedullary definition (nephritis, tubular necrosis, acute renal failure, ethylene glycol toxicity)

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16
Q

what changes are seen here and what would the ddx be

A

rounded hazy kidney

reduced corticomedullary definition

acute renal disease

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17
Q

what changes are seen here

A

hyperechoic kidney with rim sign

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18
Q

what are the chronic renal disease changes on US

A

changes are non-specific

often bilateral

heterogenous cortices

reduced cortico-medullary definition

indentations suggest old infarcts

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19
Q

what are the changes shown here

A

hetergenous cortices

reduced cortico-medullary definition

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20
Q

what changes are shown here

A

indentations suggest old infarcts in kidney in chronic renal disease

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21
Q

what changes would be seen in renal dysplasia in US (3)

A
  1. loss of corticomedullary definition
  2. distored outline/abnormal shape
  3. small/difficult to recognize
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22
Q

what are changes seen in chronic endstage kidneys

A

loss of normal architechture

small/may be difficult to identify

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23
Q

what changes are shown here

A

renal dysplasia

loss of corticomedullary definition

distorted outline/abnormal shape

small/difficult to recognize

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24
Q

what changes are shown here

A

loss of normal architecture of kidneys

small

chronic endstage kidney

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25
what is the best view on US to assess pelvic size and hydronephrosis
short axis
26
what is shown here
pelvic dilation/hydronephrosis
27
what would the changes be in a urethral obstruction
1. pelvis normal shape 2. ureter visible to point of obstruction 3. check bladder neck and other kidney
28
what changes are seen in neoplasia
irregular/abnormal shape to pelvis disrupted architecture
29
what changes are seen here
neoplasia irregular/abnormal shape to pelvis disrupted architecture
30
what changes are seen here
pyelonephritis
31
what could be seen with renal masses on US (4)
1. disruption of normal renal architecture 2. distortion of outline/abnormal shape 3. may be difficult to identify kidney 4. FNA/biopsy for diagnosis
32
what are the changes seen here
renal mass
33
what is seen here
renal mass
34
what is seen here
renal mass
35
what can be seen with calculi on US
hyperechoic mass with acoustic shadowing
36
what is shown here
renal calculi
37
where are renal calculi located
located in the calyces/pelvis
38
what are the appearance of cysts on US
anechoic/cloudy located anywhere single/multiple
39
what are the causes of renal cysts
congenital associated with chronic inflammation polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
40
what are the appearance of abscess on US
anechoic/cloudy irregular margins surrounding reaction located anywhere
41
is this a normal bladder appearance
yes the sludge is an artefact
42
how thick is the bladder wall normally
1-2mm
43
what should be assessed in the urinary bladder (4)
1. location 2. size 3. components: wall, neck 4. contents: artefacts, gravity
44
what are ddx for wall changes of the bladder
cystitis mass: neoplasia, inflammaotry polyps rupture
45
what are ddx for contents in the bladder
calculi blood clots cell debris emphysematous cystitis
46
what are the changes seen in cystitis
increased wall thickness (\>0.2cm) bladder must be distended uniform vs focal (cranioventral)
47
what changes are seen here
thickening and distended bladder wall due to cystitis
48
what changes are seen here
diffuse changes in the cranial ventral border cystitis
49
50
what are the ddx of bladder masses
neoplasia inflammatory polyps
51
what is the classic location for transitional cell carcinomas
trigome of the bladder neck
52
what is shown here
pedunculated mass = polypoid mass
53
what is shown here
mass in bladder neck
54
what is shown here
irregular with broad based attached = sessile (neoplasia)
55
what types of calculi can be seen on imaging
struvite, oxalate radioopaque cystein, urate are lucent
56
what is seen here
calculi in bladder
57
what is shown here
gravel, small clusters of calculi
58
what can be seen in the bladder contents (5)
1. concentrated urine 2. cell debris 3. hemorrhage 4. mucous 5. wall unaffected
59
what is shown here
blood clots in bladder
60
what is the landmark to locating the prostate on US
bladder prostate is around proximal urethra
61
what is the appearance of the prostate on US
bilobed echogenicity similar to spleen capsule
62
what is shown here
prostate
63
what should you assess the prostate (6)
1. location 2. size 3. shape 4. margins 5. echogenicity 6. echotexture
64
what are ddx to parenchymal changes (3)
1. benign prostatic hyperplasia 2. prostatitis 3. neoplasia
65
what are ddx for fluid lesions (3)
1. cysts 2. abscess 3. paraprostatic cysts
66
what is the appearance of benign prostatic hyperplasia on US (4)
1. hyperechoic 2. heterogenous 3. radiating pattern 4. +/- cysts
67
what is shown here
benign prostatic hyperplasia
68
what will acute inflammation of the prostate look like on US
hypoechoic
69
what will chronic inflammation of the prostate look like on US
hyperechoic & mottled
70
what is shown here
chronic inflamamtion of prostate hyperechoic and mottled
71
what is seen here
acute inflammation of prostate hypoechoic
72
what is the appearance of prostate neoplasia (3)
1. mottled 2. mineralization 3. locally invasive
73
what is seen here
prostate neoplasia
74
what changes can be seen with prostate neoplasia on radiographs
new bone formation pelvis and lumbar vertebrae
75
what are fluid filled lesions of the prostate
prostatic cysts
76
where are prostatic cysts seen
within prostate
77
what are the appearance of prostatic abscess
indistinct margins cloudly contents surrounding reaction
78
what are paraprostatic cysts
outwith prostate
79
how do you paraprostatic cysts seen on imaging
can displace bladder mineralized rim on radiograph (~50%)
80
how are ectopic ureters seen on US
visible if distended insertion not visible if beyond pelvic inlet

Module 17 (31 decks)

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