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Module 17 > Lumps & Poisoning of Farm Animals > Flashcards

Lumps & Poisoning of Farm Animals Flashcards

1
Q

what are the differences in neoplasia with SA/equine and farm animals

A

Farm animals don’t live long enough to develop ‘old age’ neoplasia

Juvenile neoplasia observed

Diagnostics beyond US scan and FNA biopsy performed (no staging)

Chemo/radio never an option (surgical excision considered)

Cattle —> notifiable neoplasia

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2
Q

what are the ddx to lumps

A

Tumour

Seroma

Hematoma

Abscess

Lymph node

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3
Q

how do you US scan lumps

A

Rectal probe on early/late preg setting

Clip hair

Apply warm water/spirit + US gel

Moderate pressure with probe

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4
Q

what appears hypoechoic on US

A

black

fluid (seroma/hematoma)

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5
Q

what appears hyperechoic on US

A

White (hyperechoic) = mass

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6
Q

what has mixed echogenicity

A

Black/white (mixed echogenicity) = abscess/organizing seroma or hematoma

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7
Q

how do you FNA a lump

A

Clip + scrub

At least 18g (pink) needle, might need thicker

Feel consistency as insert needle

Might need to apply pressure with syringe

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8
Q

what does blood, clear fluid and pus mean from an FNA

A

Blood = hematoma

Clear fluid = seroma

Pus = abscess

Nothing = thick pus, tumour, LN or something else

Prepare slide for cytology if needed

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9
Q

how do you treat a tumour

A

Report to APHA?

Leave or surgical resection (margins, space, ££)

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10
Q

how do you treat a seroma

A

leave

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11
Q

how do you treat a hematoma

A

leave

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12
Q

how do you treat an abscess

A

lance (think about where)

flush (Water +/- disinfectant for approx 3 days)

aim to keep open

+/- antibiotics

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13
Q

how do you treat a lymph node lump

A

Cause?

Treat primary lesion

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14
Q

what are the ddx for ill thrift adult cow

A
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15
Q

what are ddx for lumps in cows

A
  1. sporadic bovine leukosis (SBL)
  2. enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL)
  3. squamous cell carcinoma
  4. papilloma
  5. granulosa cell tumour
  6. cutaneous actinobacilosis
  7. OPA sheep
  8. melanomas
  9. GIT carcinomas
  10. lymposarcoma sheep
  11. cutaneous lymphoma
  12. bladder tumours: bracken induced, hematuria
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16
Q

what age does sporadic bovine leukosis (SBL) occur in

A

youngish animals <4 years

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17
Q

what are the 3 forms of sporadic bovine leukosis (SBL)

A
  1. cutaneous
  2. thymic
  3. mutlicentric (lymphosarcoma) aka juvenile
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18
Q

what is the thymic form of sporadic bovine leukosis (SBL) cause

A

space occupying lesion (SOL) effects

jugular occluded

RR increased

bloat

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19
Q

what does the multicentric form of sporadic bovine leukosis (SBL) cause

A

Multiple lymph nodes (LN) enlarged

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20
Q

how is sporadic bovine leukosis (SBL) treated

A

no treatment

poor prognosis

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21
Q

is enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) notifiable

A

yes

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22
Q

what are the causes of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL)

A

Bovine leukemia virus = oncogenic retrovirus

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23
Q

at what age is enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) infectious

A

Signs in adult animals (>2 years, generally >4)

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24
Q

what are the signs of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL)

A

Mostly sub-clinical:

0.1-10% develop tumours

30-70% lymphocytosis

Clinical signs:

Variable and multiple depending on where tumour is

Weight loss

Milk drop

Lymphadenopathy

Neurological signs

Often subclinical

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25
Q

what are the clinical signs of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL)

A

Variable and multiple depending on where tumour is

Weight loss

Milk drop

Lymphadenopathy

Neurological signs

Often subclinical

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26
Q

what is the transmission of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL)

A

horizontal

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27
Q

what is the age of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) infected on average

A

>4 years

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28
Q

what type of cattle does enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) infect

A

dairy

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29
Q

what is the clinical appearance of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL)

A

multicentric

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30
Q

what is the incidence of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL)

A

multiple

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31
Q

what is the etiology of sporadic bovine leukosis

A

unknown

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32
Q

what is the transmission of sporadic bovine leukosis

A

unknown

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33
Q

what is the age of sporadic bovine leukosis infected

A

<4 years

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34
Q

what type of cattle does sporadic bovine leukosis infect

A

dairy and beef

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35
Q

what is the clinical appearance of sporadic bovine leukosis

A

multicentric

thymic

skin

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36
Q

what is the incidence of sporadic bovine leukosis

A

single

37
Q

what are the causes of squamous cell carcinomas

A

UV light

Non-pigmented, white faced (Hereford, etc), older, genetic also

38
Q

what are the types of squamous cell carcinomas

A

ocular and peri ocular

39
Q

how does a squamous cell carcinoma form

A

Plaque —> keratoma —> papilloma —> carcinoma

40
Q

is squamous cell carcinoma bilateral or unilateral usually

A

bilateral

41
Q

do squamous cell carcinomas cause secondary effects

A

yes

42
Q

do squamous cell carcinomas spread

A

+/- mets ot LN and lungs

43
Q

how are squamous cell carcniomas treated

A

local and excise

or enucleation or cyrotherapy

44
Q

what is the signalment of papillomas

A

young animals

very common

45
Q

what is the cause of papillomas

A

Bovine papilloma virus

46
Q

how are papillomas treated

A

Simple local/scalpel removal vs surgical removal vs leave alone

47
Q

what is shown here

A

papilloma

48
Q

what is shown here

A

papilloma

49
Q

how do granulosa cell tumours present

A

as not detected in estrus (NDO) or nymphomania

50
Q

what is the appearance of granulosa cell tumours on US

A

thick walled

honey comb ovary

51
Q

what is the main ddx of granulosa cell tumours

A

ovarian cyst

52
Q

how are granulosa cell tumours treated

A

surgical ovariectomy but bleeding?

return to estrus

cull

53
Q

what is shown here

A

granulosa cell tumours

54
Q

is cutaneous actinobacilosis neoplasia

A

no

55
Q

what is cutaneous actinobacilosis also known as

A

wooden tongue

56
Q

what are the ddx of cutaneous actinobacilosis

A

cutaneous lymphoma (SBL)

cutaneous TB (rare)

57
Q

what is shown

A

cutaneous actinobacillosis

58
Q

what is OPA

A

ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma

contagious lung cancer of sheep

59
Q

what is the cause of OPA

A

jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus

60
Q

what is shown here

A

opa lungs in sheep

61
Q

what lump is this

A

melanoma

62
Q

what is shown here

A

carcinoma of GIT

63
Q

what is shown here

A

lymposarcoma sheep (not SBL, EBL)

64
Q

what is shown here

A

cutaneous lymphoma

65
Q

what questions should you ask when deciding on treatment of lumps (4)

A
  1. what is the animal worth
  2. how much will it cost to remove/manage
  3. what is long term prognosis
  4. is welfare compromised
66
Q

what are the difficulties when trying to investigate a poisoning

A

many to consider

hard to prove

on ddx for many syndromes

rule out infections, nutritional, husbandry issues first unless obvious poisoning in history

67
Q

what are the poisoning treatment principles (8)

A
  1. remove from source
  2. often alternative feeding
  3. rumenotomy if acute and material still in rumen
  4. no specific meds (fluids, NSAID, charcoal)
  5. sedation if severe neuro signs (seizures)
  6. antidote if availble
  7. nursing
  8. old wives tales?
68
Q

what are other considerations to make in a poisoning (4)

A
  1. could this be insurance (escape)
  2. could this be litigation (feed company)
  3. malicious?
  4. human health/food safety (lead)
69
Q

what does yew cause

A

sudden death

cardiotoxic

occassionaly see alive (pain, dyspnea, muscle tremors)

70
Q

how is yew diagnosed

A

PM

leaves in esophagus/rumen

71
Q

what plant is this

A

yew

72
Q

what is rhododenron toxic to

A

sheep

73
Q

what are the clinical signs of rhododendron poisoning

A

GIT

teeth grinding

salivation

abdominal pain

vomiting

74
Q

how is rhododendron poisoning treated

A

supportive

nsaid

broad spectrum antibiotics (aspiration pneumonia)

75
Q

what plant is this

A

rhododenron

76
Q

what is ragwort toxic to

A

horses

77
Q

what are the signs of ragwort poisoning

A

hepatotoxic: jaundice, edema
neurotoxic: apparent blid, hepatic encephalopathy

GIT — abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, ascites

78
Q

how is ragwort diagnosed

A

liver enzymes and history

79
Q

what plant causes photosensitization

A

st johns wort

type 1

80
Q

what plant is this

A

ragwort

81
Q

what plant is this

A

st johns wart

82
Q

how does lead poisoning occur

A

young animal breaks out

dumped batteries, lead paint etc

83
Q

what are the clinical signs of lead poisoning

A

Muscle fasciculation

Staggering

Apparent blindness

GIT — frothing at mouth, colic, teeth, grinding, rumen stasis

84
Q

how is lead poisoning treated

A

Supportive

Sedate

Calcium disodium edetate

85
Q

how is lead poisoning diagnosed

A

Heparin blood >1.4 umol/l

86
Q

what are the causes of copper poisoning

A

Over supplementation, wrong feeding

Cattle < sheep

87
Q

what does copper poisoning cause

A

acute intravascular hemolytic crisis

88
Q

what are the clinical signs of copper poisoning

A

Acute — death

Chronic — sick, jaundiced, anemia, hemoglobinuria

89
Q

how is copper poisoning diagnosed

A

liver biopsy

cu blood

pm

Module 17 (31 decks)

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