Small animal ECG Flashcards
Changes in the P wave sugges
Changes in Atrial pathology
What does the Q wave represent
Depolarisation of the intraventricular septum
What does the R represent
Ventricular depolarisation
What direction of depolarisation in the QRS
Left
What does the S represent
Depolarisation of the basal ventricular walls
What does the T represent
Repolarisation of atriums
At 25mm/sec what is the duration of one box
0.2 sec
How to get heart rate off an ecg
Count small square sbtween QRS complex
25mm/sec: 300/large squares
50mm/sec: 600/large squares
ECG on 25mm/sec how many large squares is 6 seconds
30
ECG on 50mm/sec how many large squares is 6 seconds
60
What does VPC mean
Ventricular premature complex
What does PVC mean
Premature Ventricular complex
Arrythomogenic right ventricular myopathy what does it mean
Ectopic beat originate right side
An absence of P wave could suggest and cause
Atrial standstill- High potassium
a Wide P wave suggest
Left atrial dilation
A tall P wave suggest
Right atrial dilation
Variable height complexes suggest
Pericardial effusion
Atrial arrthimia
Small complexes suggest
Pleural effusion
Obesity
Prologoned Q-T caused by
hypocalcaemia
hypokalaemia
hypothermia
drugs (e.g. sotalol)
Shortened Q-T caused by
hypercalcaemia
hyperkalaemia
drugs (e.g. digoxin)
What is torades de pointes
Fatal ventricular tachycardia. When Prolonged QT causes excessive intracellular calcium and possibly a rapid,
ST segment depression suggest
Hypoxia
Sinus arrhythmia more common for dogs or cats?
Dogs!
Causes for sinus bradycardia
Medication: sedatives, drugs used to treat tachyarrhythmias
Disease: hypothyroidism, increased intracranial pressure, dysautonomia
Metabolic: hypothermia
Dysautonomia
Autonomic failure or autonomic dysfunction is a condition in which the autonomic nervous system (ANS) does not work properly.
What should you see on an ECG during sinus arrest
When R-R interval is greater than twice the previous R-R interval
What is sick sinus syndrome, what should you see on an ECG
Marked sinus arrest and then fast heart rate
Cats with urinary track obstruction often cause atrial standstill why?
High potassium
Differentiate between first, second and third degree AV block
First: Long PQ interval
Second: Lone P wave
Third: No relationship between P and QRS
Mobitz Type I (Wencebach phenomenon)
Gradual blocking of AV node. First degree block followed by second degree.
Mobitz Type II
No evidence of first- degree blockQ
Medications for third degree AV valve
Calcium channel blocker
Beta blocker
Digoxin
Supraventricular/atrial premature complex is caused by what
atrial dilation
atrial infiltration
atrial fibrosis
systemic disease
Atrial fibrilation is caused by what
atrial dilation
atrial infiltration
atrial fibrosis
occult dilated cardiomyopathy
Treatment for atrial fibrilation
Commonly treated with combination of digoxin and diltiazem
Causes of VPCs
Cardiac Disease: ventricular myocardial dilation, inflammation, infiltration, fibrosis
Systemic disease: anaemia, septicaemia, splenic mass, gastric dilatation, pyometra
Metabolic: electrolyte imbalance (e.g. hypokalaemia)
Treatment criteria for ventricular tachycardia
If runs >180/min (3 in a row or more is a run, 2 in a row is a couplet))
Symptomatic
Multiform in appearance
R-on-T (close coupling)
Medications for ventricular tachycardia
Lidocaine, magnesium, mexilitine, sotalol,amiodarone
