Small animal ECG

Question 1

Changes in the P wave sugges

Answer 1

Changes in Atrial pathology

Question 2

What does the Q wave represent

Answer 2

Depolarisation of the intraventricular septum

Question 3

What does the R represent

Answer 3

Ventricular depolarisation

Question 4

What direction of depolarisation in the QRS

Answer 4

Left

Question 5

What does the S represent

Answer 5

Depolarisation of the basal ventricular walls

Question 6

What does the T represent

Answer 6

Repolarisation of atriums

Question 7

At 25mm/sec what is the duration of one box

Answer 7

0.2 sec

Question 8

How to get heart rate off an ecg

Answer 8

Count small square sbtween QRS complex
25mm/sec: 300/large squares
50mm/sec: 600/large squares

Question 9

ECG on 25mm/sec how many large squares is 6 seconds

Answer 9

30

Question 10

ECG on 50mm/sec how many large squares is 6 seconds

Answer 10

60

Question 11

What does VPC mean

Answer 11

Ventricular premature complex

Question 12

What does PVC mean

Answer 12

Premature Ventricular complex

Question 13

Arrythomogenic right ventricular myopathy what does it mean

Answer 13

Ectopic beat originate right side

Question 14

An absence of P wave could suggest and cause

Answer 14

Atrial standstill- High potassium

Question 15

a Wide P wave suggest

Answer 15

Left atrial dilation

Question 16

A tall P wave suggest

Answer 16

Right atrial dilation

Question 17

Variable height complexes suggest

Answer 17

Pericardial effusion
Atrial arrthimia

Question 18

Small complexes suggest

Answer 18

Pleural effusion
Obesity

Question 19

Prologoned Q-T caused by

Answer 19

hypocalcaemia
hypokalaemia
hypothermia
drugs (e.g. sotalol)

Question 20

Shortened Q-T caused by

Answer 20

hypercalcaemia
hyperkalaemia
drugs (e.g. digoxin)

Question 21

What is torades de pointes

Answer 21

Fatal ventricular tachycardia. When Prolonged QT causes excessive intracellular calcium and possibly a rapid,

Question 22

ST segment depression suggest

Answer 22

Hypoxia

Question 23

Sinus arrhythmia more common for dogs or cats?

Answer 23

Dogs!

Question 24

Causes for sinus bradycardia

Answer 24

Medication: sedatives, drugs used to treat tachyarrhythmias
Disease: hypothyroidism, increased intracranial pressure, dysautonomia
Metabolic: hypothermia

Question 25

Dysautonomia

Answer 25

Autonomic failure or autonomic dysfunction is a condition in which the autonomic nervous system (ANS) does not work properly.

Question 26

What should you see on an ECG during sinus arrest

Answer 26

When R-R interval is greater than twice the previous R-R interval

Question 27

What is sick sinus syndrome, what should you see on an ECG

Answer 27

Marked sinus arrest and then fast heart rate

Question 28

Cats with urinary track obstruction often cause atrial standstill why?

Answer 28

High potassium

Question 29

Differentiate between first, second and third degree AV block

Answer 29

First: Long PQ interval Second: Lone P wave Third: No relationship between P and QRS

Question 30

Mobitz Type I (Wencebach phenomenon)

Answer 30

Gradual blocking of AV node. First degree block followed by second degree.

Question 31

Mobitz Type II

Answer 31

No evidence of first- degree blockQ

Question 32

Medications for third degree AV valve

Answer 32

Calcium channel blocker Beta blocker Digoxin

Question 33

Supraventricular/atrial premature complex is caused by what

Answer 33

atrial dilation atrial infiltration atrial fibrosis systemic disease

Question 34

Atrial fibrilation is caused by what

Answer 34

atrial dilation atrial infiltration atrial fibrosis occult dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 35

Treatment for atrial fibrilation

Answer 35

Commonly treated with combination of digoxin and diltiazem

Question 36

Causes of VPCs

Answer 36

Cardiac Disease: ventricular myocardial dilation, inflammation, infiltration, fibrosis Systemic disease: anaemia, septicaemia, splenic mass, gastric dilatation, pyometra Metabolic: electrolyte imbalance (e.g. hypokalaemia)

Question 37

Treatment criteria for ventricular tachycardia

Answer 37

If runs >180/min (3 in a row or more is a run, 2 in a row is a couplet)) Symptomatic Multiform in appearance R-on-T (close coupling)

Question 38

Medications for ventricular tachycardia

Answer 38

Lidocaine, magnesium, mexilitine, sotalol,amiodarone