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Module 15 > Anemia in small animal > Flashcards

Anemia in small animal Flashcards

1
Q

Define anemia

A

Reduction in the concentration of haemoglobin in the blood which causes reduced oxygen carrying capacity

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2
Q

List some causes for non regenerative anemia

A
  1. Primary bone marrow disease
  2. Iron deficiency
  3. Inflammatory disease
  4. Chronic renal failure
  5. Endocrine disease e.g. Hypothyroidism
  6. Cobalamin deficiency
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3
Q

What are the two categories under regenerative anaemia

A

Haemolytic
Haemorrhage

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4
Q

List some causes for Haemolytic anaemia

A
  1. IMHA (Immune mediated Haemolytic anaemia)
  2. Infectious
  3. Oxidative injury
  4. Metabolic disorders
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5
Q

List some causes for Haemorrhage anaemia

A
  1. Trauma
  2. GI Ulcer
  3. Haemostatic disorder
  4. Ruptured neoplasm
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6
Q

List some conditions that cause primary bone marrow disease

A
  1. Aplastic anemia
  2. Myelomafibrosis-scarring of bone marrow
  3. Myelodysplastic (Cats-immature blood cells in the bone marrow do not mature or become healthy blood cells)
  4. Precursor IMHA (Dogs)
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7
Q

List some conditions under that fall under secondary failure of erythropoiesis

A
  1. Anaemia of inflammatory disease
  2. Chronic renal failure
  3. Endocrine disease
  4. Deficiency in building blocks (Fe/Cobalmin)
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8
Q

List some distinguishing clinical features of primary bone marrow disease

A
  1. Lethargy/Weakness/Fatigue
  2. BAR (because not quick onset of anemia)
  3. Other cell lines affected (thrombocytopenia/neutropenia)
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9
Q

List causes of secondary failure of erythropoiesis

A
  1. Chronic Kidney Disease: PUPD/Reduced Appt/Weight loss
    2.Hypothyroidism: Dermatological
  2. Fe deficiency: Chronic low-grade external blood loss due to parasitism, ulcerative GI, chronic urinary losses
  3. Cobalamin deficiency: Chronic GI disease/Unable to absorb vitamin b12
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10
Q

What are the two types of IMHA

A

Primary (non associative) IMHA- Autoimmune
Secondary (associative) IMHA- E.g. Lymphoma can produce antibodies that target RBC

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11
Q

Describe IMHA

A

When the body produces antibodies or complements that targets RBC

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12
Q

State the name of the receptor of RBC that the macrophage binds if a patient has IMHA

A

Fc Receptor

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13
Q

State 3 causes of secondary IMHA

A
  1. Infectious
  2. Drug induced
  3. Neoplasia
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14
Q

List examples of infectious diseases that can cause secondary IMHA

A

Bacterial (Haemoplasma-Cats)
Parasitic (Babesia-Dogs)

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15
Q

What is the cause of Feline Infectious Anemia

A

Mycoplasmas (Bacteria)

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16
Q

How does Mycoplasmas cause Feline infectious anemia

A

Causes haemolysis involving immune mediated and direct erythrocyte damage

17
Q

How is Feline Infecious Anemia diagnosed

A

Haemoplasmas seen on bloodsmear- Howell Jolly bodies
PCR
Coombs test positive

18
Q

What is the most common infectious disease of anaemia in dogs

A

Canine babesiosis

19
Q

What is the clinical signs for Canine babesiosis

A

Pyrexia
Haemolytic anaemia, including IMHA
Thrombocytopenia

20
Q

List some causes for haemolytic anaemia-Oxidative injury- which causes the formation of heinz body

A
  1. Paracetamol toxicity
  2. Onion toxicity
  3. Benzocaine
  4. Zinc toxicity
  5. Propofol infusion in cats
  6. Diabetes/Hepatic lipidosis in cats
21
Q

List distinct clinical features of haemolysis

A
  1. Jaundice
  2. Haemoglobinuria
  3. Hepato-splenomegaly
  4. Pyrexia
  5. Chocolate coloured oral mm as a sign of metHb
22
Q

List distinct clinical features of haemorraging anemia

A
  1. Evidence of bleeding External/Internal
  2. Sings of hypovolaemia
  3. Evidence of a haemostatic disorder-Petechiaton
23
Q

What are the values of PCV that define mild/moderate/severe anemia

A

Mild: 30-39%
Moderate: 20-30%
Severe: <20%

24
Q

What does spherocytes on blood smear suggest

A

IMHA

25
Q

Distinguish between blood smear result from Primary bone marrow disease and Secondary failure of Erythopoiesis

A

PBMD: Normocytic (Size) /Normochromic anaemia (Concentration of Hb)/ Concurrent bicytopenia/pan-cytopenia
SFOE: Microcytic/Hypochromic

26
Q

List distinguishing laboratory features of IMHA

A

Regenerative anaemia
Spherocytosis
Leucocytosis due to neutrophillia
Evan’s syndrome: Concurrent immunemediated thrombocytopenia
Evidence of organ damage

27
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Decreased amount of platelets

28
Q

List the 2 confirmation diagnostic test for IMHA

A

Positive slide agglutination side
Positive Coombs test

29
Q

Slide agglutination test

A

A certain amount of concentrated killed antigen and patients serum are mixed on a plate, slide or card and allowed to react for a specified period, after which the presence of agglutination is determined by naked eye.

30
Q

List distinguishing laboratory features of Haemorrhage Anaemia

A

Regenerative anaemia
Concurrent hypoproteinaemia
Presence of RBC fragmentation
Haemostatic disorder: Thrombocytopenia/Prolonged coagulation times

31
Q

Management/Treatment of IMHA

A

Blood transfusion
Immunosuppresive drug therapy-Prednisolone

32
Q

Mortality of IMHA

A

20-70%

33
Q

How to manage thromboembolic disease

A

Aspirin
Heparin
Oxygen
Symptomatic management

Module 15 (21 decks)

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