Cough in small animals Flashcards
What do you expect to hear if a patient is coughing from cardiac disease
Sinus tachycardia
Arrhythmias
Murmurs
Gallop sounds
Pulmonary crackles
What do you expect to hear if a patient is coughing from respiratory disease
Sinus arrhythmia
Bradycardia
Pulmonary crackles
Wheezes
Stertor/ stridor
Cor pulmonale
Chronic lung disease may lead to pulmonary hypertension and right sided heart enlargement
How much fluid is required for lavage in small animals during broncho-alveolar lavage
Fluid for lavage: 1-2mls saline/kg in total
Cats: 10-25 ml; Dogs: 25-50 ml
T/F Bronchoalveolar lavage provides definitive diagnosis of lower airway disease in many cases.
True!
Cat Coughing for at least 2 months
Dyspnoeic episodes may occur if concurrent asthma
Pyrexia, lethargy, inappetence if concurrent bronchopneumonia
What disease is this?
Chronic Bronchitis/ Chronic Airway Disease
Treatment for chronic bronchitis
Bronchodilators
Antibacterial therapy (doxycycline)
Glucocorticosteroids
Mucolytics
Control of environmental pollutants
Physiotherapy
List examples of bronchodilators for the use in SA
Salbutamol (Albuterol) – inhaled
Salmeterol (Serevent) - inhaled
Terbutaline – 0.625mg –1.25 mgs per os q12h
Theophylline - 20mg/kg per os q24 hours
List examples of antibiotics for the use in SA with chronic bronchitis
doxycycline, enrofloxacin + clindamycin or amoxycillin
List examples of corticosteroids for the use in SA with chronic bronchitis
Prednisolone – 0.25–2mg/kg PO q 12 hours for 7 -14 days and then taper dose
Fluticasone, budesonide, beclomethasone–inhaled
What could be some observations on a thoracic radiograph of a cat with feline asthma and chronic bronchitis concurrent
Bronchial lung pattern
Collapsed right middle lung lobe
T/F Secondary lung tumours is the most prevalenent neoplasia disease causing coughing in cats
True!
Parasites that cause coughing in cats
Aeluronstrongylus abstrusus
Capillaria aerophilia
Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm)
Fungus that cause coughing in cats
Cryptococcus neoformans (mainly nasal)
Aspergillus, Histoplasma & Blastomyces can cause pneumonia
Protozoal that cause coughing in cats
Toxoplasmosis
Treatment for lung worm in cats
Fenbendazole
Treatment for fungus in cats
Fluconazole, itraconazole
Treatment for protozoa in cats
Clindamycin
Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex (Kennel Cough) can be caused by what
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Parainfluenza III
Canine distemper virus
Canine adenovirus II
Canine herpes virus
Mycoplasma spp.
Management of dog with kennel cough
Restrict exercise (& isolate)
Harness instead of collar
Avoid dusty/smoky environment
+/- doxycycline or amoxycillin clavulanate
+/- antitussives
Clinical findings of dogs with kennel cough
Harsh, easily elicited non-productive cough
+/- pyrexia/inappetence/ nasal discharge
Clinical findings of dogs with chronic bronchitis
small toy and terrier breeds
coughing for at least 2 months
+/- crackles on auscultation
+/- tachypnoea, dyspnoea, exercise intolerance
+/- pyrexia, lethargy, inappetance
bronchoscopic diagnosis
bronchopneumonia complication
eventual respiratory failure(fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension)
Management of dogs with chronic bronchitis
Avoid obesity
No collar, wear harness
Corticosteroids- oral, inhaled
Bronchodilators- oral, inhaled
Antibacterial therapy (intermittent)
Mucolytics
Nebulisation
Rest and exercise control
Control of environmental pollutants
Physiotherapy
Antitussives, esp. if concurrent tracheal collapse
A coughing dog with tachypnoea and dyspnoea has its blood test show high levels of eosinophils what does this suggest?
Allergic pulmonary disease
T/F Parasites can cause Allergic pulmonary disease in dogs
True!
Chronic management of allergic pulmonary disease
Fenbendazole (anthelmintic)
Environmental management
Corticosteroids – oral, inhaled-gradually taper
Harness
Control obesity
Other Immunosuppressive therapies
Acute Treatment of allergic pulmonary disease
Oxygen, cage rest
Corticosteroids – but may interfere with diagnostic tests
Examples of parasites that can cause coughing in dogs
Oslerus osleri
- dam to offspring transmission
Crenosoma vulpis
- intermediate host (mollusc), fox faeces
Angiostrongylus vasorum
- intermediate host (mollusc)
Capillaria aerophilia (Eucoleus Aerophilus)
- transmission faeco-oral, earthworm implicated
Dirofilaria immitis
- intermediate host mosquito
Clinical presentation of a dog infected with parasites
Cough
Dyspnoea if infection is widespread
Peripheral eosinophilia
Pulmonary hypertension may lead to right sided CHF in A. vasorum and D. immitis
Clotting disorders reported with A. vasorum
A. vasorum seen a lot in terriers
Radiographic changes marked with A. vasorum
Why must corticosterioids be given alongside anthelminthics
to prevent reaction to dying worms
Names of drug to treat Oslerus osleri in dogs
Fenbendazole
Names of drug to treat Crenosoma vulpis in dogs
Milbemycin, moxidectin oxime
Names of drug to treat Angiostrongylus vasorum in dogs
Moxidectin oxime, fenbendazole
Names of drug to treat Capillaria aerophilia (Eucoleus Aerophilus) in dogs
Fenbendazole
Treatment for cardiac disease causing cough
Cardiac medications for congestive heart failure
Antitussives – codeine, butorphanol
Inhaled steroids if concurrent chronic airway disease
Name two antitussives
codeine, butorphanol
A cough that sounds like a “goose-honk”, “seal-bark” sound
and aggravated by lead pulling is most probably caused by?
Tracheal Collapse
How does the grading system work for trachea collapse
Grade 1-4 based on severity of collapse
Acute management of tracheal collapse
Acetylpromazine
Oxygen
Cool environment
Short acting corticosteroids
Opioids (buprenorphine, butorphanol)
Chronic management of tracheal collapse
Control obesity
Use harness
Environmental hygiene
Avoid prolonged barking
Avoid excessive excitement
Avoid respiratory tract infections
Acetylpromazine is what kind of drug
sedative and antiemetic
Name the class of bronchodilators that will be useful in tracheal collapse
Methylxanthines
Beta-adrenergic agonists-Terbutaline
Halitosis and acute cough/choke is a indicator of what kind of coughing disease
Airway Foreign Body
